A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the wild freshwater fish health status using a vast array of biomarkers as predictive factors of pollutant exposure. The European eel (<i>Anguilla anguilla</i>) and brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta fario</i>), resident in rivers with d...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Environments |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/10/12/219 |
| _version_ | 1797381099097161728 |
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| author | Graziella Orso Roberta Imperatore Elena Coccia Gianluca Rinaldi Domenico Cicchella Marina Paolucci |
| author_facet | Graziella Orso Roberta Imperatore Elena Coccia Gianluca Rinaldi Domenico Cicchella Marina Paolucci |
| author_sort | Graziella Orso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of the present study was to evaluate the wild freshwater fish health status using a vast array of biomarkers as predictive factors of pollutant exposure. The European eel (<i>Anguilla anguilla</i>) and brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta fario</i>), resident in rivers with different degrees of pollution in the South of Italy (Picentino River with good environmental quality and Tusciano River with low environmental quality), were examined using biometric parameters, histopathological and immunohistochemical biomarkers to evaluate the health status and a possible correlation with the water quality. Several alterations identified in the liver positively correlated with water and soil pollutants: hemorrhage (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), cytoplasmic vacuolization (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), hemosiderosis (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), irregular arrangement of hepatocytes (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), lipid accumulation (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), necrosis (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), cellular hyperplasia (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), leukocyte infiltration (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) and melanomacrophages centers (MMC) (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01). In the spleen, only hemosiderosis correlated with water and soil pollutants (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). The inflammatory biomarker tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and ciclooxigenase 2 (COX2) responded to the environmental pollution, as well as the oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and erythrocytic cellular abnormalities were found to be significantly higher in the blood of both the European eel (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and brown trout (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the Tusciano River compared with the Picentino River. Taken together, these results outline the need to increase the number of suitable biomarkers to assess fish health and reinforce the importance of employing additional biomarkers in biomonitoring programs that can be applied to evaluate water quality and in environmental assessment around the world. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:47:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-25927b0228924741876855e6d394737c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3298 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:47:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environments |
| spelling | doaj.art-25927b0228924741876855e6d394737c2023-12-22T14:07:40ZengMDPI AGEnvironments2076-32982023-12-01101221910.3390/environments10120219A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water PollutionGraziella Orso0Roberta Imperatore1Elena Coccia2Gianluca Rinaldi3Domenico Cicchella4Marina Paolucci5Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via De Sanctis, snc, 82100 Benevento, ItalyDepartment of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via De Sanctis, snc, 82100 Benevento, ItalyDepartment of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via De Sanctis, snc, 82100 Benevento, ItalyDepartment of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via De Sanctis, snc, 82100 Benevento, ItalyDepartment of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via De Sanctis, snc, 82100 Benevento, ItalyDepartment of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via De Sanctis, snc, 82100 Benevento, ItalyThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the wild freshwater fish health status using a vast array of biomarkers as predictive factors of pollutant exposure. The European eel (<i>Anguilla anguilla</i>) and brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta fario</i>), resident in rivers with different degrees of pollution in the South of Italy (Picentino River with good environmental quality and Tusciano River with low environmental quality), were examined using biometric parameters, histopathological and immunohistochemical biomarkers to evaluate the health status and a possible correlation with the water quality. Several alterations identified in the liver positively correlated with water and soil pollutants: hemorrhage (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), cytoplasmic vacuolization (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), hemosiderosis (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), irregular arrangement of hepatocytes (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), lipid accumulation (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), necrosis (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), cellular hyperplasia (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), leukocyte infiltration (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) and melanomacrophages centers (MMC) (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01). In the spleen, only hemosiderosis correlated with water and soil pollutants (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). The inflammatory biomarker tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and ciclooxigenase 2 (COX2) responded to the environmental pollution, as well as the oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and erythrocytic cellular abnormalities were found to be significantly higher in the blood of both the European eel (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and brown trout (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the Tusciano River compared with the Picentino River. Taken together, these results outline the need to increase the number of suitable biomarkers to assess fish health and reinforce the importance of employing additional biomarkers in biomonitoring programs that can be applied to evaluate water quality and in environmental assessment around the world.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/10/12/219European Anguillabrown troutriver pollutionhistopathological biomarkersliverblood |
| spellingShingle | Graziella Orso Roberta Imperatore Elena Coccia Gianluca Rinaldi Domenico Cicchella Marina Paolucci A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution Environments European Anguilla brown trout river pollution histopathological biomarkers liver blood |
| title | A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution |
| title_full | A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution |
| title_fullStr | A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution |
| title_short | A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution |
| title_sort | deep survey of fish health for the recognition of useful biomarkers to monitor water pollution |
| topic | European Anguilla brown trout river pollution histopathological biomarkers liver blood |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/10/12/219 |
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