Optimal Vehicle Pose Estimation Network Based on Time Series and Spatial Tightness with 3D LiDARs
Vehicle pose estimation is essential in autonomous vehicle (AV) perception technology. However, due to the different density distributions of the point cloud, it is challenging to achieve sensitive direction extraction based on 3D LiDAR by using the existing pose estimation methods. In this paper, a...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4123 |
| _version_ | 1797513181110730752 |
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| author | Hanqi Wang Zhiling Wang Linglong Lin Fengyu Xu Jie Yu Huawei Liang |
| author_facet | Hanqi Wang Zhiling Wang Linglong Lin Fengyu Xu Jie Yu Huawei Liang |
| author_sort | Hanqi Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vehicle pose estimation is essential in autonomous vehicle (AV) perception technology. However, due to the different density distributions of the point cloud, it is challenging to achieve sensitive direction extraction based on 3D LiDAR by using the existing pose estimation methods. In this paper, an optimal vehicle pose estimation network based on time series and spatial tightness (TS-OVPE) is proposed. This network uses five pose estimation algorithms proposed as candidate solutions to select each obstacle vehicle’s optimal pose estimation result. Among these pose estimation algorithms, we first propose the Basic Line algorithm, which uses the road direction as the prior knowledge. Secondly, we propose improving principal component analysis based on point cloud distribution to conduct rotating principal component analysis (RPCA) and diagonal principal component analysis (DPCA) algorithms. Finally, we propose two global algorithms independent of the prior direction. We provided four evaluation indexes to transform each algorithm into a unified dimension. These evaluation indexes’ results were input into the ensemble learning network to obtain the optimal pose estimation results from the five proposed algorithms. The spatial dimension evaluation indexes reflected the tightness of the bounding box and the time dimension evaluation index reflected the coherence of the direction estimation. Since the network was indirectly trained through the evaluation index, it could be directly used on untrained LiDAR and showed a good pose estimation performance. Our approach was verified on the SemanticKITTI dataset and our urban environment dataset. Compared with the two mainstream algorithms, the polygon intersection over union (P-IoU) average increased by about 5.25% and 9.67%, the average heading error decreased by about 29.49% and 44.11%, and the average speed direction error decreased by about 3.85% and 46.70%. The experiment results showed that the ensemble learning network could effectively select the optimal pose estimation from the five abovementioned algorithms, making pose estimation more accurate. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:13:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-25944f14e4e14f37883c3c3c6be2678c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:13:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-25944f14e4e14f37883c3c3c6be2678c2023-11-22T19:54:31ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922021-10-011320412310.3390/rs13204123Optimal Vehicle Pose Estimation Network Based on Time Series and Spatial Tightness with 3D LiDARsHanqi Wang0Zhiling Wang1Linglong Lin2Fengyu Xu3Jie Yu4Huawei Liang5Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, ChinaHefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, ChinaHefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, ChinaHefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, ChinaHefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, ChinaHefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, ChinaVehicle pose estimation is essential in autonomous vehicle (AV) perception technology. However, due to the different density distributions of the point cloud, it is challenging to achieve sensitive direction extraction based on 3D LiDAR by using the existing pose estimation methods. In this paper, an optimal vehicle pose estimation network based on time series and spatial tightness (TS-OVPE) is proposed. This network uses five pose estimation algorithms proposed as candidate solutions to select each obstacle vehicle’s optimal pose estimation result. Among these pose estimation algorithms, we first propose the Basic Line algorithm, which uses the road direction as the prior knowledge. Secondly, we propose improving principal component analysis based on point cloud distribution to conduct rotating principal component analysis (RPCA) and diagonal principal component analysis (DPCA) algorithms. Finally, we propose two global algorithms independent of the prior direction. We provided four evaluation indexes to transform each algorithm into a unified dimension. These evaluation indexes’ results were input into the ensemble learning network to obtain the optimal pose estimation results from the five proposed algorithms. The spatial dimension evaluation indexes reflected the tightness of the bounding box and the time dimension evaluation index reflected the coherence of the direction estimation. Since the network was indirectly trained through the evaluation index, it could be directly used on untrained LiDAR and showed a good pose estimation performance. Our approach was verified on the SemanticKITTI dataset and our urban environment dataset. Compared with the two mainstream algorithms, the polygon intersection over union (P-IoU) average increased by about 5.25% and 9.67%, the average heading error decreased by about 29.49% and 44.11%, and the average speed direction error decreased by about 3.85% and 46.70%. The experiment results showed that the ensemble learning network could effectively select the optimal pose estimation from the five abovementioned algorithms, making pose estimation more accurate.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4123autonomous vehiclesvehicle pose estimationtime and spatial dimensions3D LiDAR |
| spellingShingle | Hanqi Wang Zhiling Wang Linglong Lin Fengyu Xu Jie Yu Huawei Liang Optimal Vehicle Pose Estimation Network Based on Time Series and Spatial Tightness with 3D LiDARs Remote Sensing autonomous vehicles vehicle pose estimation time and spatial dimensions 3D LiDAR |
| title | Optimal Vehicle Pose Estimation Network Based on Time Series and Spatial Tightness with 3D LiDARs |
| title_full | Optimal Vehicle Pose Estimation Network Based on Time Series and Spatial Tightness with 3D LiDARs |
| title_fullStr | Optimal Vehicle Pose Estimation Network Based on Time Series and Spatial Tightness with 3D LiDARs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimal Vehicle Pose Estimation Network Based on Time Series and Spatial Tightness with 3D LiDARs |
| title_short | Optimal Vehicle Pose Estimation Network Based on Time Series and Spatial Tightness with 3D LiDARs |
| title_sort | optimal vehicle pose estimation network based on time series and spatial tightness with 3d lidars |
| topic | autonomous vehicles vehicle pose estimation time and spatial dimensions 3D LiDAR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4123 |
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