Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms
Vitamin K is involved many biological processes, such as the regulation of blood coagulation, prevention of vascular calcification, bone metabolism and modulation of cell proliferation. Menaquinones (MK) and phylloquinone vary in biological activity, showing different bioavailability, half-life and...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/3136 |
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| author | Katarzyna Bus Arkadiusz Szterk |
| author_facet | Katarzyna Bus Arkadiusz Szterk |
| author_sort | Katarzyna Bus |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vitamin K is involved many biological processes, such as the regulation of blood coagulation, prevention of vascular calcification, bone metabolism and modulation of cell proliferation. Menaquinones (MK) and phylloquinone vary in biological activity, showing different bioavailability, half-life and transport mechanisms. Vitamin K1 and MK-4 remain present in the plasma for 8–24 h, whereas long-chain menaquinones can be detected up to 96 h after administration. Geometric structure is also an important factor that conditions their properties. <i>Cis</i>-phylloquinone shows nearly no biological activity. An equivalent study for menaquinone is not available. The effective dose to decrease uncarboxylated osteocalcin was six times lower for MK-7 than for MK-4. Similarly, MK-7 affected blood coagulation system at dose three to four times lower than vitamin K1. Both vitamin K1 and MK-7 inhibited the decline in bone mineral density, however benefits for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases have been observed only for long-chain menaquinones. There are currently no guidelines for the recommended doses and forms of vitamin K in the prevention of osteoporosis, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders. Due to the presence of isomers with unknown biological properties in some dietary supplements, quality and safety of that products may be questioned. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:06:59Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:06:59Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-25a51b4c571c447b833b44d33abab8992023-11-23T08:19:19ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582021-12-011012313610.3390/foods10123136Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K FormsKatarzyna Bus0Arkadiusz Szterk1Department of Spectrometric Methods, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, PolandCenter for Translational Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, PolandVitamin K is involved many biological processes, such as the regulation of blood coagulation, prevention of vascular calcification, bone metabolism and modulation of cell proliferation. Menaquinones (MK) and phylloquinone vary in biological activity, showing different bioavailability, half-life and transport mechanisms. Vitamin K1 and MK-4 remain present in the plasma for 8–24 h, whereas long-chain menaquinones can be detected up to 96 h after administration. Geometric structure is also an important factor that conditions their properties. <i>Cis</i>-phylloquinone shows nearly no biological activity. An equivalent study for menaquinone is not available. The effective dose to decrease uncarboxylated osteocalcin was six times lower for MK-7 than for MK-4. Similarly, MK-7 affected blood coagulation system at dose three to four times lower than vitamin K1. Both vitamin K1 and MK-7 inhibited the decline in bone mineral density, however benefits for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases have been observed only for long-chain menaquinones. There are currently no guidelines for the recommended doses and forms of vitamin K in the prevention of osteoporosis, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders. Due to the presence of isomers with unknown biological properties in some dietary supplements, quality and safety of that products may be questioned.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/3136vitamin Kmenaquinonephylloquinonebone metabolismvascular calcification |
| spellingShingle | Katarzyna Bus Arkadiusz Szterk Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms Foods vitamin K menaquinone phylloquinone bone metabolism vascular calcification |
| title | Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms |
| title_full | Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms |
| title_fullStr | Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms |
| title_short | Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms |
| title_sort | relationship between structure and biological activity of various vitamin k forms |
| topic | vitamin K menaquinone phylloquinone bone metabolism vascular calcification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/3136 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT katarzynabus relationshipbetweenstructureandbiologicalactivityofvariousvitaminkforms AT arkadiuszszterk relationshipbetweenstructureandbiologicalactivityofvariousvitaminkforms |