Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses
Citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) causes sparse (thinner) canopies due to reduced leaf and shoot biomass. Herein, we present results demonstrating the possible mechanisms behind compromised leaf growth of HLB-affected ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees by comparing morphological, transcriptome, and phyt...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1305815/full |
| _version_ | 1797386225794940928 |
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| author | Answiya Neupane Faisal Shahzad Chiara Bernardini Chiara Bernardini Amit Levy Amit Levy Tripti Vashisth |
| author_facet | Answiya Neupane Faisal Shahzad Chiara Bernardini Chiara Bernardini Amit Levy Amit Levy Tripti Vashisth |
| author_sort | Answiya Neupane |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) causes sparse (thinner) canopies due to reduced leaf and shoot biomass. Herein, we present results demonstrating the possible mechanisms behind compromised leaf growth of HLB-affected ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees by comparing morphological, transcriptome, and phytohormone profiles at different leaf development phases (1. buds at the start of the experiment; 2. buds on day 5; . 3. leaf emergence; 4. leaf expansion; and 5. leaf maturation) to healthy trees. Over a period of 3 months (in greenhouse conditions), HLB-affected trees had ≈40% reduction in growth traits such as tree height, number of shoots per tree, shoot length, internode length, and leaf size compared to healthy trees. In addition, buds from HLB-affected trees lagged by ≈1 week in sprouting as well as leaf growth. Throughout the leaf development, high accumulation of defense hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and low levels of growth-promoting hormone (auxin) were found in HLB-affected trees compared to healthy trees. Concomitantly, HLB-affected trees had upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding SA, ABA, and ethylene-related proteins in comparison to healthy trees. The total number of cells per leaf was lower in HLB-affected trees compared to healthy trees, which suggests that reduced cell division may coincide with low levels of growth-promoting hormones leading to small leaf size. Both bud dieback and leaf drop were higher in HLB-affected trees than in healthy trees, with concomitant upregulated DEGs encoding senescence-related proteins in HLB-affected trees that possibly resulted in accelerated aging and cell death. Taken together, it can be concluded that HLB-affected trees had a higher tradeoff of resources on defense over growth, leading to sparse canopies and a high tree mortality rate with HLB progression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T22:05:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-25bcf819fb544281bb64a0fd9d35b2fe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T22:05:58Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-25bcf819fb544281bb64a0fd9d35b2fe2023-12-19T08:53:32ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2023-12-011410.3389/fpls.2023.13058151305815Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defensesAnswiya Neupane0Faisal Shahzad1Chiara Bernardini2Chiara Bernardini3Amit Levy4Amit Levy5Tripti Vashisth6Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United StatesCitrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United StatesCitrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United StatesDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United StatesCitrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United StatesDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United StatesCitrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United StatesCitrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) causes sparse (thinner) canopies due to reduced leaf and shoot biomass. Herein, we present results demonstrating the possible mechanisms behind compromised leaf growth of HLB-affected ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees by comparing morphological, transcriptome, and phytohormone profiles at different leaf development phases (1. buds at the start of the experiment; 2. buds on day 5; . 3. leaf emergence; 4. leaf expansion; and 5. leaf maturation) to healthy trees. Over a period of 3 months (in greenhouse conditions), HLB-affected trees had ≈40% reduction in growth traits such as tree height, number of shoots per tree, shoot length, internode length, and leaf size compared to healthy trees. In addition, buds from HLB-affected trees lagged by ≈1 week in sprouting as well as leaf growth. Throughout the leaf development, high accumulation of defense hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and low levels of growth-promoting hormone (auxin) were found in HLB-affected trees compared to healthy trees. Concomitantly, HLB-affected trees had upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding SA, ABA, and ethylene-related proteins in comparison to healthy trees. The total number of cells per leaf was lower in HLB-affected trees compared to healthy trees, which suggests that reduced cell division may coincide with low levels of growth-promoting hormones leading to small leaf size. Both bud dieback and leaf drop were higher in HLB-affected trees than in healthy trees, with concomitant upregulated DEGs encoding senescence-related proteins in HLB-affected trees that possibly resulted in accelerated aging and cell death. Taken together, it can be concluded that HLB-affected trees had a higher tradeoff of resources on defense over growth, leading to sparse canopies and a high tree mortality rate with HLB progression.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1305815/fullcitrusleaf growthHuanglongbinghormonescanopy |
| spellingShingle | Answiya Neupane Faisal Shahzad Chiara Bernardini Chiara Bernardini Amit Levy Amit Levy Tripti Vashisth Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses Frontiers in Plant Science citrus leaf growth Huanglongbing hormones canopy |
| title | Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses |
| title_full | Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses |
| title_fullStr | Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses |
| title_short | Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses |
| title_sort | poor shoot and leaf growth in huanglongbing affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses |
| topic | citrus leaf growth Huanglongbing hormones canopy |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1305815/full |
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