Obese Adipocytes Have Altered Redox Homeostasis with Metabolic Consequences
White and brown adipose tissues are organized to form a real organ, the adipose organ, in mice and humans. White adipocytes of obese animals and humans are hypertrophic. This condition is accompanied by a series of organelle alterations and stress of the endoplasmic reticulum. This stress is mainly...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/7/1449 |
| _version_ | 1827734144042401792 |
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| author | Saverio Cinti |
| author_facet | Saverio Cinti |
| author_sort | Saverio Cinti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | White and brown adipose tissues are organized to form a real organ, the adipose organ, in mice and humans. White adipocytes of obese animals and humans are hypertrophic. This condition is accompanied by a series of organelle alterations and stress of the endoplasmic reticulum. This stress is mainly due to reactive oxygen species activity and accumulation, lending to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This last causes death of adipocytes by pyroptosis and the formation of large cellular debris that must be removed by macrophages. During their chronic scavenging activity, macrophages produce several secretory products that have collateral consequences, including interference with insulin receptor activity, causing insulin resistance. The latter is accompanied by an increased noradrenergic inhibitory innervation of Langerhans islets with de-differentiation of beta cells and type 2 diabetes. The whitening of brown adipocytes could explain the different critical death size of visceral adipocytes and offer an explanation for the worse clinical consequence of visceral fat accumulation. White to brown transdifferentiation has been proven in mice and humans. Considering the energy-dispersing activity of brown adipose tissue, transdifferentiation opens new therapeutic perspectives for obesity and related disorders. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:21:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-25dbbe708fa54114a95bde1fb6037f21 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:21:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-25dbbe708fa54114a95bde1fb6037f212023-11-18T18:06:09ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212023-07-01127144910.3390/antiox12071449Obese Adipocytes Have Altered Redox Homeostasis with Metabolic ConsequencesSaverio Cinti0Scientific Director Centre of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10a, 60126 Ancona, ItalyWhite and brown adipose tissues are organized to form a real organ, the adipose organ, in mice and humans. White adipocytes of obese animals and humans are hypertrophic. This condition is accompanied by a series of organelle alterations and stress of the endoplasmic reticulum. This stress is mainly due to reactive oxygen species activity and accumulation, lending to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This last causes death of adipocytes by pyroptosis and the formation of large cellular debris that must be removed by macrophages. During their chronic scavenging activity, macrophages produce several secretory products that have collateral consequences, including interference with insulin receptor activity, causing insulin resistance. The latter is accompanied by an increased noradrenergic inhibitory innervation of Langerhans islets with de-differentiation of beta cells and type 2 diabetes. The whitening of brown adipocytes could explain the different critical death size of visceral adipocytes and offer an explanation for the worse clinical consequence of visceral fat accumulation. White to brown transdifferentiation has been proven in mice and humans. Considering the energy-dispersing activity of brown adipose tissue, transdifferentiation opens new therapeutic perspectives for obesity and related disorders.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/7/1449adipocyteobesitystressendoplasmic reticulumROStype 2 diabetes |
| spellingShingle | Saverio Cinti Obese Adipocytes Have Altered Redox Homeostasis with Metabolic Consequences Antioxidants adipocyte obesity stress endoplasmic reticulum ROS type 2 diabetes |
| title | Obese Adipocytes Have Altered Redox Homeostasis with Metabolic Consequences |
| title_full | Obese Adipocytes Have Altered Redox Homeostasis with Metabolic Consequences |
| title_fullStr | Obese Adipocytes Have Altered Redox Homeostasis with Metabolic Consequences |
| title_full_unstemmed | Obese Adipocytes Have Altered Redox Homeostasis with Metabolic Consequences |
| title_short | Obese Adipocytes Have Altered Redox Homeostasis with Metabolic Consequences |
| title_sort | obese adipocytes have altered redox homeostasis with metabolic consequences |
| topic | adipocyte obesity stress endoplasmic reticulum ROS type 2 diabetes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/7/1449 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saveriocinti obeseadipocyteshavealteredredoxhomeostasiswithmetabolicconsequences |