Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female Use
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) represent one of the most widely used groups of pharmaceuticals, but if used for long periods of time they are associated with dependence and an increased risk of harmful effects. High-dose (HD) BZD dependence is a specific substance use disorder associated with a poor quality...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-01-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.811130/full |
| _version_ | 1798024652508889088 |
|---|---|
| author | Lorenzo Zamboni Lorenzo Zamboni Igor Portoghese Alessio Congiu Thomas Zandonai Thomas Zandonai Rebecca Casari Francesca Fusina Francesca Fusina Anna Bertoldi Fabio Lugoboni |
| author_facet | Lorenzo Zamboni Lorenzo Zamboni Igor Portoghese Alessio Congiu Thomas Zandonai Thomas Zandonai Rebecca Casari Francesca Fusina Francesca Fusina Anna Bertoldi Fabio Lugoboni |
| author_sort | Lorenzo Zamboni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Benzodiazepines (BZDs) represent one of the most widely used groups of pharmaceuticals, but if used for long periods of time they are associated with dependence and an increased risk of harmful effects. High-dose (HD) BZD dependence is a specific substance use disorder associated with a poor quality of life. It is especially important to pinpoint differences in HD BZD addict subgroups in order to tailor treatment to the individual's specific needs, also considering possible comorbidities with other substance use disorders. We conducted a study to evaluate HD BZD dependence (converted doses to diazepam equivalents, mg) in an Italian sample of 1,354 participants. We also investigated if and to which extent participants co-used other substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis/cannabinoids, cocaine, and heroin). We then performed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify the use patterns of these substances, finding three classes: participants in Class 1 (4.3% of the sample) had the highest probability of also using cocaine and alcohol (Polysubstance BZD users); Class 2 comprised subjects with the highest probability of being former heroin, cocaine, THC, and alcohol users (Former polysubstance BZD users); Class 3 represented mono-dependence BZD users (78.5% of the sample) and was the most prevalent among women, while young men were most prevalent in Class 1.The present study underlines different characteristics in HD BZD users both concerning other addictions and sex, and also highlights the need for a stricter control of BZD use, ranging from prescriptions to sales. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:06:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-25f695271d364f579b8d742c4ffb5ca5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:06:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-25f695271d364f579b8d742c4ffb5ca52022-12-22T04:10:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402022-01-011310.3389/fpsyt.2022.811130811130Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female UseLorenzo Zamboni0Lorenzo Zamboni1Igor Portoghese2Alessio Congiu3Thomas Zandonai4Thomas Zandonai5Rebecca Casari6Francesca Fusina7Francesca Fusina8Anna Bertoldi9Fabio Lugoboni10Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Policlinico “G.B. Rossi”, Verona, ItalyDepartment of Neurosciences, University of Verona, Verona, ItalyDepartment of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, ItalyUnit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Policlinico “G.B. Rossi”, Verona, ItalyDepartment of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, SpainNeuropharmacology on Pain and Functional Diversity (NED), Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, SpainUnit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Policlinico “G.B. Rossi”, Verona, ItalyPadova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, ItalyDepartment of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, ItalyUnit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Policlinico “G.B. Rossi”, Verona, ItalyUnit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Policlinico “G.B. Rossi”, Verona, ItalyBenzodiazepines (BZDs) represent one of the most widely used groups of pharmaceuticals, but if used for long periods of time they are associated with dependence and an increased risk of harmful effects. High-dose (HD) BZD dependence is a specific substance use disorder associated with a poor quality of life. It is especially important to pinpoint differences in HD BZD addict subgroups in order to tailor treatment to the individual's specific needs, also considering possible comorbidities with other substance use disorders. We conducted a study to evaluate HD BZD dependence (converted doses to diazepam equivalents, mg) in an Italian sample of 1,354 participants. We also investigated if and to which extent participants co-used other substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis/cannabinoids, cocaine, and heroin). We then performed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify the use patterns of these substances, finding three classes: participants in Class 1 (4.3% of the sample) had the highest probability of also using cocaine and alcohol (Polysubstance BZD users); Class 2 comprised subjects with the highest probability of being former heroin, cocaine, THC, and alcohol users (Former polysubstance BZD users); Class 3 represented mono-dependence BZD users (78.5% of the sample) and was the most prevalent among women, while young men were most prevalent in Class 1.The present study underlines different characteristics in HD BZD users both concerning other addictions and sex, and also highlights the need for a stricter control of BZD use, ranging from prescriptions to sales.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.811130/fullbenzodiazepineaddictionlatent class analysispolyabusersanxiety |
| spellingShingle | Lorenzo Zamboni Lorenzo Zamboni Igor Portoghese Alessio Congiu Thomas Zandonai Thomas Zandonai Rebecca Casari Francesca Fusina Francesca Fusina Anna Bertoldi Fabio Lugoboni Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female Use Frontiers in Psychiatry benzodiazepine addiction latent class analysis polyabusers anxiety |
| title | Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female Use |
| title_full | Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female Use |
| title_fullStr | Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female Use |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female Use |
| title_short | Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female Use |
| title_sort | polysubstance use patterns among high dose benzodiazepine users a latent class analysis and differences between male and female use |
| topic | benzodiazepine addiction latent class analysis polyabusers anxiety |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.811130/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lorenzozamboni polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT lorenzozamboni polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT igorportoghese polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT alessiocongiu polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT thomaszandonai polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT thomaszandonai polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT rebeccacasari polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT francescafusina polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT francescafusina polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT annabertoldi polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse AT fabiolugoboni polysubstanceusepatternsamonghighdosebenzodiazepineusersalatentclassanalysisanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleuse |