A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies
Abstract Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-10-01
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| Series: | BMC Veterinary Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03735-9 |
| _version_ | 1797452220105490432 |
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| author | Carolin Liedel Karoline Rieckmann Christoph G. Baums |
| author_facet | Carolin Liedel Karoline Rieckmann Christoph G. Baums |
| author_sort | Carolin Liedel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal infection trials. Of note, animal experiments are crucial to develop a cross-protective vaccine which is highly needed in the field. Due to the severe clinical signs associated with S. suis pathologies such as meningitis and arthritis, implementation of refinement is very important to reduce pain and distress of experimentally infected pigs. This review highlights the great diversity of clinical signs and courses of disease after experimental S. suis pig infections. We review clinical read out parameters and refinement strategies in experimental S. suis pig infections published between 2000 and 2021. Currently, substantial differences exist in describing clinical monitoring and humane endpoints. Most of the reviewed studies set the body temperature threshold of fever as high as 40.5°C. Monitoring intervals vary mainly between daily, twice a day and three times a day. Only a few studies apply scoring systems. Published scoring systems are inconsistent in their inclusion of parameters such as body temperature, feeding behavior, and respiratory signs. Locomotion and central nervous system signs are more common clinical scoring parameters in different studies by various research groups. As the heterogenicity in clinical monitoring limits the comparability between studies we hope to initiate a discussion with this review leading to an agreement on clinical read out parameters and monitoring intervals among S. suis research groups. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:05:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-25fab107bd294f6182b87087f90a8700 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1746-6148 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:05:38Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Veterinary Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-25fab107bd294f6182b87087f90a87002023-11-26T13:38:27ZengBMCBMC Veterinary Research1746-61482023-10-0119111910.1186/s12917-023-03735-9A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategiesCarolin Liedel0Karoline Rieckmann1Christoph G. Baums2Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig UniversityInstitute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig UniversityInstitute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig UniversityAbstract Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal infection trials. Of note, animal experiments are crucial to develop a cross-protective vaccine which is highly needed in the field. Due to the severe clinical signs associated with S. suis pathologies such as meningitis and arthritis, implementation of refinement is very important to reduce pain and distress of experimentally infected pigs. This review highlights the great diversity of clinical signs and courses of disease after experimental S. suis pig infections. We review clinical read out parameters and refinement strategies in experimental S. suis pig infections published between 2000 and 2021. Currently, substantial differences exist in describing clinical monitoring and humane endpoints. Most of the reviewed studies set the body temperature threshold of fever as high as 40.5°C. Monitoring intervals vary mainly between daily, twice a day and three times a day. Only a few studies apply scoring systems. Published scoring systems are inconsistent in their inclusion of parameters such as body temperature, feeding behavior, and respiratory signs. Locomotion and central nervous system signs are more common clinical scoring parameters in different studies by various research groups. As the heterogenicity in clinical monitoring limits the comparability between studies we hope to initiate a discussion with this review leading to an agreement on clinical read out parameters and monitoring intervals among S. suis research groups.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03735-9Streptococcus suisPigExperimental infectionRefinementScoringHumane endpoint |
| spellingShingle | Carolin Liedel Karoline Rieckmann Christoph G. Baums A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies BMC Veterinary Research Streptococcus suis Pig Experimental infection Refinement Scoring Humane endpoint |
| title | A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies |
| title_full | A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies |
| title_fullStr | A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies |
| title_short | A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies |
| title_sort | critical review on experimental streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies |
| topic | Streptococcus suis Pig Experimental infection Refinement Scoring Humane endpoint |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03735-9 |
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