Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow
In order to clarify the effect of particle coagulation on the heat transfer properties, the governing equations of nanofluid together with the equation for nanoparticles in the SiO<sub>2</sub>/water nanofluid flowing through a turbulent tube are solved numerically in the range of Reynold...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| author | Ruifang Shi Jianzhong Lin Hailin Yang |
| author_facet | Ruifang Shi Jianzhong Lin Hailin Yang |
| author_sort | Ruifang Shi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In order to clarify the effect of particle coagulation on the heat transfer properties, the governing equations of nanofluid together with the equation for nanoparticles in the SiO<sub>2</sub>/water nanofluid flowing through a turbulent tube are solved numerically in the range of Reynolds number 3000 ≤ Re ≤ 16,000 and particle volume fraction 0.005 ≤ <i>φ</i> ≤ 0.04. Some results are validated by comparing with the experimental results. The effect of particle convection, diffusion, and coagulation on the pressure drop ∆<i>P</i>, particle distribution, and heat transfer of nanofluid are analyzed. The main innovation is that it gives the effect of particle coagulation on the pressure drop, particle distribution, and heat transfer. The results showed that ∆<i>P</i> increases with the increase in Re and <i>φ</i>. When inlet velocity is small, the increase in ∆<i>P</i> caused by adding particles is relatively large, and ∆<i>P</i> increases most obviously compared with the case of pure water when the inlet velocity is 0.589 m/s and <i>φ</i> is 0.004. Particle number concentration <i>M</i><sub>0</sub> decreases along the flow direction, and <i>M</i><sub>0</sub> near the wall is decreased to the original 2% and decreased by about 90% in the central area. <i>M</i><sub>0</sub> increases with increasing Re but with decreasing <i>φ</i>, and basically presents a uniform distribution in the core area of the tube. The geometric mean diameter of particle GMD increases with increasing <i>φ</i>, but with decreasing Re. GMD is the minimum in the inlet area, and gradually increases along the flow direction. The geometric standard deviation of particle diameter GSD increases sharply at the inlet and decreases in the inlet area, remains almost unchanged in the whole tube, and finally decreases rapidly again at the outlet. The effects of Re and <i>φ</i> on the variation in GSD along the flow direction are insignificant. The values of convective heat transfer coefficient <i>h</i> and Nusselt number <i>Nu</i> are larger for nanofluids than that for pure water. <i>h</i> and <i>Nu</i> increase with the increase in Re and <i>φ</i>. Interestingly, the variation in <i>φ</i> from 0.005 to 0.04 has little effect on <i>h</i> and <i>Nu</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:01:12Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-25fd24ff4b284a32a481b2053248d5e82023-12-03T14:13:07ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912022-08-011216280310.3390/nano12162803Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube FlowRuifang Shi0Jianzhong Lin1Hailin Yang2State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, ChinaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315201, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, ChinaIn order to clarify the effect of particle coagulation on the heat transfer properties, the governing equations of nanofluid together with the equation for nanoparticles in the SiO<sub>2</sub>/water nanofluid flowing through a turbulent tube are solved numerically in the range of Reynolds number 3000 ≤ Re ≤ 16,000 and particle volume fraction 0.005 ≤ <i>φ</i> ≤ 0.04. Some results are validated by comparing with the experimental results. The effect of particle convection, diffusion, and coagulation on the pressure drop ∆<i>P</i>, particle distribution, and heat transfer of nanofluid are analyzed. The main innovation is that it gives the effect of particle coagulation on the pressure drop, particle distribution, and heat transfer. The results showed that ∆<i>P</i> increases with the increase in Re and <i>φ</i>. When inlet velocity is small, the increase in ∆<i>P</i> caused by adding particles is relatively large, and ∆<i>P</i> increases most obviously compared with the case of pure water when the inlet velocity is 0.589 m/s and <i>φ</i> is 0.004. Particle number concentration <i>M</i><sub>0</sub> decreases along the flow direction, and <i>M</i><sub>0</sub> near the wall is decreased to the original 2% and decreased by about 90% in the central area. <i>M</i><sub>0</sub> increases with increasing Re but with decreasing <i>φ</i>, and basically presents a uniform distribution in the core area of the tube. The geometric mean diameter of particle GMD increases with increasing <i>φ</i>, but with decreasing Re. GMD is the minimum in the inlet area, and gradually increases along the flow direction. The geometric standard deviation of particle diameter GSD increases sharply at the inlet and decreases in the inlet area, remains almost unchanged in the whole tube, and finally decreases rapidly again at the outlet. The effects of Re and <i>φ</i> on the variation in GSD along the flow direction are insignificant. The values of convective heat transfer coefficient <i>h</i> and Nusselt number <i>Nu</i> are larger for nanofluids than that for pure water. <i>h</i> and <i>Nu</i> increase with the increase in Re and <i>φ</i>. Interestingly, the variation in <i>φ</i> from 0.005 to 0.04 has little effect on <i>h</i> and <i>Nu</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/16/2803SiO<sub>2</sub>/waterpressure dropparticle distributionheat transferturbulent tube flownumerical simulation |
| spellingShingle | Ruifang Shi Jianzhong Lin Hailin Yang Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow Nanomaterials SiO<sub>2</sub>/water pressure drop particle distribution heat transfer turbulent tube flow numerical simulation |
| title | Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow |
| title_full | Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow |
| title_fullStr | Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow |
| title_full_unstemmed | Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow |
| title_short | Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow |
| title_sort | particle distribution and heat transfer of sio sub 2 sub water nanofluid in the turbulent tube flow |
| topic | SiO<sub>2</sub>/water pressure drop particle distribution heat transfer turbulent tube flow numerical simulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/16/2803 |
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