Redesigning Carbon–Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability–Compostability at the End-of-Life Stage
Carbon–carbon backbone polymers are non-biodegradable, persistent plastics that have accumulated on land and oceans due to human activities. They degrade and fragment into microplastics and smaller particle sizes but do not biodegrade at an acceptable and practical rate. Their continual buildup in t...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/9/3832 |
| _version_ | 1797602079018057728 |
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| author | Neha Mulchandani Ramani Narayan |
| author_facet | Neha Mulchandani Ramani Narayan |
| author_sort | Neha Mulchandani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carbon–carbon backbone polymers are non-biodegradable, persistent plastics that have accumulated on land and oceans due to human activities. They degrade and fragment into microplastics and smaller particle sizes but do not biodegrade at an acceptable and practical rate. Their continual buildup in the natural environment precipitates serious detrimental impacts on human health and the environment, as extensively documented in the literature and media. Nearly 77% of global plastics produced are carbon–carbon backbone polymers. More importantly, 90% of packaging plastics (153.8 million metric tons) are non-biodegradable, persistent carbon–carbon backbone polymers. The recycling rate of these non-durable packaging plastics ranges from 0 to 4%. Re-designing carbon–carbon backbone polymers to labile ester backbone biodegradable–compostable polymers and treating them along with biodegradable organic waste (such as food, paper, and organic wastes) in managed industrial composting is environmentally responsible. Diverting 1 million metric tons of biodegradable organic wastes in MSW bound for landfills and open dumps to industrial composting results in 0.95 million metric tons CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents of GHG emissions reduction. This perspective paper discusses strategies and rationales regarding the redesign of carbon–carbon backbone polymer molecules. It describes the carbon footprint reductions achievable by replacing petro-fossil carbon with plant biomass carbon. Biodegradability and compostability are frequently used but misunderstood and misused terms, leading to misleading claims in the marketplace. This paper presents the fundamentals of biodegradability and compostability of plastics and the requirements to be met according to ASTM/ISO international standards. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:11:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-261699adf0094442ae9984473d786188 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:11:54Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-261699adf0094442ae9984473d7861882023-11-17T23:24:04ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-04-01289383210.3390/molecules28093832Redesigning Carbon–Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability–Compostability at the End-of-Life StageNeha Mulchandani0Ramani Narayan1Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USACarbon–carbon backbone polymers are non-biodegradable, persistent plastics that have accumulated on land and oceans due to human activities. They degrade and fragment into microplastics and smaller particle sizes but do not biodegrade at an acceptable and practical rate. Their continual buildup in the natural environment precipitates serious detrimental impacts on human health and the environment, as extensively documented in the literature and media. Nearly 77% of global plastics produced are carbon–carbon backbone polymers. More importantly, 90% of packaging plastics (153.8 million metric tons) are non-biodegradable, persistent carbon–carbon backbone polymers. The recycling rate of these non-durable packaging plastics ranges from 0 to 4%. Re-designing carbon–carbon backbone polymers to labile ester backbone biodegradable–compostable polymers and treating them along with biodegradable organic waste (such as food, paper, and organic wastes) in managed industrial composting is environmentally responsible. Diverting 1 million metric tons of biodegradable organic wastes in MSW bound for landfills and open dumps to industrial composting results in 0.95 million metric tons CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents of GHG emissions reduction. This perspective paper discusses strategies and rationales regarding the redesign of carbon–carbon backbone polymer molecules. It describes the carbon footprint reductions achievable by replacing petro-fossil carbon with plant biomass carbon. Biodegradability and compostability are frequently used but misunderstood and misused terms, leading to misleading claims in the marketplace. This paper presents the fundamentals of biodegradability and compostability of plastics and the requirements to be met according to ASTM/ISO international standards.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/9/3832carbon–carbon backbonebiodegradable–compostablepolymersend-of-lifebiobasedcarbon footprint |
| spellingShingle | Neha Mulchandani Ramani Narayan Redesigning Carbon–Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability–Compostability at the End-of-Life Stage Molecules carbon–carbon backbone biodegradable–compostable polymers end-of-life biobased carbon footprint |
| title | Redesigning Carbon–Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability–Compostability at the End-of-Life Stage |
| title_full | Redesigning Carbon–Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability–Compostability at the End-of-Life Stage |
| title_fullStr | Redesigning Carbon–Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability–Compostability at the End-of-Life Stage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Redesigning Carbon–Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability–Compostability at the End-of-Life Stage |
| title_short | Redesigning Carbon–Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability–Compostability at the End-of-Life Stage |
| title_sort | redesigning carbon carbon backbone polymers for biodegradability compostability at the end of life stage |
| topic | carbon–carbon backbone biodegradable–compostable polymers end-of-life biobased carbon footprint |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/9/3832 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nehamulchandani redesigningcarboncarbonbackbonepolymersforbiodegradabilitycompostabilityattheendoflifestage AT ramaninarayan redesigningcarboncarbonbackbonepolymersforbiodegradabilitycompostabilityattheendoflifestage |