Characterization of Natural Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Monomer Blend Composites Loaded with Zinc Stearate to Be Used in the Solid Tire Industry
Vulcanization is an important step in the manufacture of solid tires in which the crosslinking process occurs. In vulcanization, the materials commonly used as activators and coactivators are ZnO and stearic acid, respectively. In this research, ZnO and stearic acid were replaced with zinc stearate...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/3/1277 |
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| author | Nasruddin Wahyu Bahari Setianto Heryoki Yohanes Gigih Atmaji Lanjar Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Enasty Pratiwi Wulandari Arya Wiranata Bahruddin Ibrahim |
| author_facet | Nasruddin Wahyu Bahari Setianto Heryoki Yohanes Gigih Atmaji Lanjar Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Enasty Pratiwi Wulandari Arya Wiranata Bahruddin Ibrahim |
| author_sort | Nasruddin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vulcanization is an important step in the manufacture of solid tires in which the crosslinking process occurs. In vulcanization, the materials commonly used as activators and coactivators are ZnO and stearic acid, respectively. In this research, ZnO and stearic acid were replaced with zinc stearate to improve the characteristics of vulcanized rubber. Zinc stearate was applied in four formulas with a composition of 5 to 9 phr. A formula that is often used in the rubber industry was used as a comparison, and ZnO and stearic acid of 5 phr and 2.5 phr, respectively, were applied. The rubber compound for solid tire production was developed using an open mill at a compounding temperature of 45 °C ± 5 °C. The vulcanization process of developing the rubber compound into vulcanized rubber was carried out at 150 °C for 20 min. Rubber compound test results showed that the use of zinc stearate at a ratio of 8 phr accelerated the curing time (t<sub>90</sub>) between 58.3% and 69%, the scorch time (ts2) between 22.4% and 95.5%, and the torque delta (Δ<sub>s</sub>) between 17.67 and 24.21 kg-cm. In addition, the vulcanized rubber mechanical properties test results for the compression set parameter increased between 28.6% and 57.1%. Scan results with SEM–EDS showed that using ZS could improve the homogeneous distribution of the material in the vulcanized matrix of solid tire rubber. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:53:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2630fd2051d7486ebf0f8d6c35c74c7d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:53:46Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-2630fd2051d7486ebf0f8d6c35c74c7d2023-11-16T16:03:16ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-01-01133127710.3390/app13031277Characterization of Natural Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Monomer Blend Composites Loaded with Zinc Stearate to Be Used in the Solid Tire IndustryNasruddin0Wahyu Bahari Setianto1Heryoki Yohanes2Gigih Atmaji3Lanjar4Dede Heri Yuli Yanto5Enasty Pratiwi Wulandari6Arya Wiranata7Bahruddin Ibrahim8Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, IndonesiaResearch Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, IndonesiaResearch Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, IndonesiaResearch Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, IndonesiaResearch Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, IndonesiaResearch Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bo-gor Km.46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, IndonesiaMechanical Engineering Department, Taman Siswa University, Palembang 30126, IndonesiaChemical Engineering Department, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28293, IndonesiaChemical Engineering Department, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28293, IndonesiaVulcanization is an important step in the manufacture of solid tires in which the crosslinking process occurs. In vulcanization, the materials commonly used as activators and coactivators are ZnO and stearic acid, respectively. In this research, ZnO and stearic acid were replaced with zinc stearate to improve the characteristics of vulcanized rubber. Zinc stearate was applied in four formulas with a composition of 5 to 9 phr. A formula that is often used in the rubber industry was used as a comparison, and ZnO and stearic acid of 5 phr and 2.5 phr, respectively, were applied. The rubber compound for solid tire production was developed using an open mill at a compounding temperature of 45 °C ± 5 °C. The vulcanization process of developing the rubber compound into vulcanized rubber was carried out at 150 °C for 20 min. Rubber compound test results showed that the use of zinc stearate at a ratio of 8 phr accelerated the curing time (t<sub>90</sub>) between 58.3% and 69%, the scorch time (ts2) between 22.4% and 95.5%, and the torque delta (Δ<sub>s</sub>) between 17.67 and 24.21 kg-cm. In addition, the vulcanized rubber mechanical properties test results for the compression set parameter increased between 28.6% and 57.1%. Scan results with SEM–EDS showed that using ZS could improve the homogeneous distribution of the material in the vulcanized matrix of solid tire rubber.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/3/1277curing timerubber compoundrubber vulcanizatesolid tirezinc stearate |
| spellingShingle | Nasruddin Wahyu Bahari Setianto Heryoki Yohanes Gigih Atmaji Lanjar Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Enasty Pratiwi Wulandari Arya Wiranata Bahruddin Ibrahim Characterization of Natural Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Monomer Blend Composites Loaded with Zinc Stearate to Be Used in the Solid Tire Industry Applied Sciences curing time rubber compound rubber vulcanizate solid tire zinc stearate |
| title | Characterization of Natural Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Monomer Blend Composites Loaded with Zinc Stearate to Be Used in the Solid Tire Industry |
| title_full | Characterization of Natural Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Monomer Blend Composites Loaded with Zinc Stearate to Be Used in the Solid Tire Industry |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of Natural Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Monomer Blend Composites Loaded with Zinc Stearate to Be Used in the Solid Tire Industry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of Natural Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Monomer Blend Composites Loaded with Zinc Stearate to Be Used in the Solid Tire Industry |
| title_short | Characterization of Natural Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Monomer Blend Composites Loaded with Zinc Stearate to Be Used in the Solid Tire Industry |
| title_sort | characterization of natural rubber styrene butadiene rubber and nitrile butadiene rubber monomer blend composites loaded with zinc stearate to be used in the solid tire industry |
| topic | curing time rubber compound rubber vulcanizate solid tire zinc stearate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/3/1277 |
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