In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system
Contamination of aircraft cabin air can result from leakage of engine oils and hydraulic fluids into bleed air. This may cause adverse health effects in cabin crews and passengers. To realistically mimic inhalation exposure to aircraft cabin bleed-air contaminants, a mini bleed-air contaminants simu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021003433 |
| _version_ | 1819086767518646272 |
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| author | Rui-Wen He Marc M.G. Houtzager W.P. Jongeneel Remco H.S. Westerink Flemming R. Cassee |
| author_facet | Rui-Wen He Marc M.G. Houtzager W.P. Jongeneel Remco H.S. Westerink Flemming R. Cassee |
| author_sort | Rui-Wen He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Contamination of aircraft cabin air can result from leakage of engine oils and hydraulic fluids into bleed air. This may cause adverse health effects in cabin crews and passengers. To realistically mimic inhalation exposure to aircraft cabin bleed-air contaminants, a mini bleed-air contaminants simulator (Mini-BACS) was constructed and connected to an air-liquid interface (ALI) aerosol exposure system (AES). This unique “Mini-BACS + AES” setup provides steady conditions to perform ALI exposure of the mono- and co-culture lung models to fumes from pyrolysis of aircraft engine oils and hydraulic fluids at respectively 200 °C and 350 °C. Meanwhile, physicochemical characteristics of test atmospheres were continuously monitored during the entire ALI exposure, including chemical composition, particle number concentration (PNC) and particles size distribution (PSD). Additional off-line chemical characterization was also performed for the generated fume. We started with submerged exposure to fumes generated from 4 types of engine oil (Fume A, B, C, and D) and 2 types of hydraulic fluid (Fume E and F). Following submerged exposures, Fume E and F as well as Fume A and B exerted the highest toxicity, which were therefore further tested under ALI exposure conditions. ALI exposures reveal that these selected engine oil (0–100 mg/m3) and hydraulic fluid (0–90 mg/m3) fumes at tested dose-ranges can impair epithelial barrier functions, induce cytotoxicity, produce pro-inflammatory responses, and reduce cell viability. Hydraulic fluid fumes are more toxic than engine oil fumes on the mass concentration basis. This may be related to higher abundance of organophosphates (OPs, ≈2800 µg/m3) and smaller particle size (≈50 nm) of hydraulic fluid fumes. Our results suggest that exposure to engine oil and hydraulic fluid fumes can induce considerable lung toxicity, clearly reflecting the potential health risks of contaminated aircraft cabin air. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T21:25:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-264693f65efb4a00be85b638c0b3b549 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T21:25:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj.art-264693f65efb4a00be85b638c0b3b5492022-12-21T18:49:46ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202021-11-01156106718In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure systemRui-Wen He0Marc M.G. Houtzager1W.P. Jongeneel2Remco H.S. Westerink3Flemming R. Cassee4National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, the NetherlandsThe Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 80015, 3508 TA Utrecht, the NetherlandsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the NetherlandsInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, the NetherlandsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands; Corresponding author at: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.Contamination of aircraft cabin air can result from leakage of engine oils and hydraulic fluids into bleed air. This may cause adverse health effects in cabin crews and passengers. To realistically mimic inhalation exposure to aircraft cabin bleed-air contaminants, a mini bleed-air contaminants simulator (Mini-BACS) was constructed and connected to an air-liquid interface (ALI) aerosol exposure system (AES). This unique “Mini-BACS + AES” setup provides steady conditions to perform ALI exposure of the mono- and co-culture lung models to fumes from pyrolysis of aircraft engine oils and hydraulic fluids at respectively 200 °C and 350 °C. Meanwhile, physicochemical characteristics of test atmospheres were continuously monitored during the entire ALI exposure, including chemical composition, particle number concentration (PNC) and particles size distribution (PSD). Additional off-line chemical characterization was also performed for the generated fume. We started with submerged exposure to fumes generated from 4 types of engine oil (Fume A, B, C, and D) and 2 types of hydraulic fluid (Fume E and F). Following submerged exposures, Fume E and F as well as Fume A and B exerted the highest toxicity, which were therefore further tested under ALI exposure conditions. ALI exposures reveal that these selected engine oil (0–100 mg/m3) and hydraulic fluid (0–90 mg/m3) fumes at tested dose-ranges can impair epithelial barrier functions, induce cytotoxicity, produce pro-inflammatory responses, and reduce cell viability. Hydraulic fluid fumes are more toxic than engine oil fumes on the mass concentration basis. This may be related to higher abundance of organophosphates (OPs, ≈2800 µg/m3) and smaller particle size (≈50 nm) of hydraulic fluid fumes. Our results suggest that exposure to engine oil and hydraulic fluid fumes can induce considerable lung toxicity, clearly reflecting the potential health risks of contaminated aircraft cabin air.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021003433Fume eventAircraft cabin airMini-BACSOrganophosphatesCo-cultureBMD analysis |
| spellingShingle | Rui-Wen He Marc M.G. Houtzager W.P. Jongeneel Remco H.S. Westerink Flemming R. Cassee In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system Environment International Fume event Aircraft cabin air Mini-BACS Organophosphates Co-culture BMD analysis |
| title | In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system |
| title_full | In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system |
| title_fullStr | In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system |
| title_full_unstemmed | In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system |
| title_short | In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system |
| title_sort | in vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed air contamination in lung models using an air liquid interface ali exposure system |
| topic | Fume event Aircraft cabin air Mini-BACS Organophosphates Co-culture BMD analysis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021003433 |
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