Identification of Anthocyanin Composition and Functional Analysis of an Anthocyanin Activator in Solanum nigrum Fruits
Solanum nigrum fruits have been conventionally used in beverages due to their nutritional substances such as minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, sugars, polyphenols, and anthocyanins. The characterization of components and regulatory mechanism of anthocyanins in S. nigrum fruits have rarely b...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2017-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/6/876 |
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| author | Shaoli Wang Zhaohui Chu Mingxing Ren Ru Jia Changbao Zhao Dan Fei Hao Su Xiaoqi Fan Xiaotian Zhang Yang Li Yingzi Wang Xinhua Ding |
| author_facet | Shaoli Wang Zhaohui Chu Mingxing Ren Ru Jia Changbao Zhao Dan Fei Hao Su Xiaoqi Fan Xiaotian Zhang Yang Li Yingzi Wang Xinhua Ding |
| author_sort | Shaoli Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Solanum nigrum fruits have been conventionally used in beverages due to their nutritional substances such as minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, sugars, polyphenols, and anthocyanins. The characterization of components and regulatory mechanism of anthocyanins in S. nigrum fruits have rarely been reported. In this study, we determined that the peel and flesh of S. nigrum fruits shared similar HPLC profiles but different contents and total antioxidant activities for anthocyanins. After an efficient purification method, mainly including extraction with pH 1.0 distilled water and then desorption with pH 1.0 95% ethanol after a DM-130 resin adsorption step to obtain more pure anthocyanin extracts, the purity of anthocyanins extracted from S. nigrum fruits reached 56.1%. Moreover, eight anthocyanins from S. nigrum fruit were identified with HPLC-MS/MS for the first time. A typical R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene, SnMYB, was also cloned for the first time by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR from S. nigrum. Moreover, the contents of anthocyanins were shown to correlate well (r = 0.93) with the expression levels of SnMYB gene during the fruit’s developmental stages. Most significantly, SnMYB gene successfully produced high anthocyanin content (1.03 mg/g) when SnMYB gene was transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. Taken together, S. nigrum fruits are a promising resource for anthocyanin extraction, and SnMYB gene is an activator that positively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in S. nigrum. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T03:52:28Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T03:52:28Z |
| publishDate | 2017-05-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-2648181bad6349f9bd6e97f62b12316b2022-12-21T19:16:55ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492017-05-0122687610.3390/molecules22060876molecules22060876Identification of Anthocyanin Composition and Functional Analysis of an Anthocyanin Activator in Solanum nigrum FruitsShaoli Wang0Zhaohui Chu1Mingxing Ren2Ru Jia3Changbao Zhao4Dan Fei5Hao Su6Xiaoqi Fan7Xiaotian Zhang8Yang Li9Yingzi Wang10Xinhua Ding11State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaShaoxing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaAnhui Biothun Biotechnology Company, Hefei 230088, Anhui, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaInstitute of Plant Protection, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, Yantai 265500, Shandong, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, ChinaSolanum nigrum fruits have been conventionally used in beverages due to their nutritional substances such as minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, sugars, polyphenols, and anthocyanins. The characterization of components and regulatory mechanism of anthocyanins in S. nigrum fruits have rarely been reported. In this study, we determined that the peel and flesh of S. nigrum fruits shared similar HPLC profiles but different contents and total antioxidant activities for anthocyanins. After an efficient purification method, mainly including extraction with pH 1.0 distilled water and then desorption with pH 1.0 95% ethanol after a DM-130 resin adsorption step to obtain more pure anthocyanin extracts, the purity of anthocyanins extracted from S. nigrum fruits reached 56.1%. Moreover, eight anthocyanins from S. nigrum fruit were identified with HPLC-MS/MS for the first time. A typical R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene, SnMYB, was also cloned for the first time by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR from S. nigrum. Moreover, the contents of anthocyanins were shown to correlate well (r = 0.93) with the expression levels of SnMYB gene during the fruit’s developmental stages. Most significantly, SnMYB gene successfully produced high anthocyanin content (1.03 mg/g) when SnMYB gene was transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. Taken together, S. nigrum fruits are a promising resource for anthocyanin extraction, and SnMYB gene is an activator that positively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in S. nigrum.http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/6/876Solanum nigrumanthocyaninHPLC-MS/MSantioxidant capacitySnMYB transcription factor |
| spellingShingle | Shaoli Wang Zhaohui Chu Mingxing Ren Ru Jia Changbao Zhao Dan Fei Hao Su Xiaoqi Fan Xiaotian Zhang Yang Li Yingzi Wang Xinhua Ding Identification of Anthocyanin Composition and Functional Analysis of an Anthocyanin Activator in Solanum nigrum Fruits Molecules Solanum nigrum anthocyanin HPLC-MS/MS antioxidant capacity SnMYB transcription factor |
| title | Identification of Anthocyanin Composition and Functional Analysis of an Anthocyanin Activator in Solanum nigrum Fruits |
| title_full | Identification of Anthocyanin Composition and Functional Analysis of an Anthocyanin Activator in Solanum nigrum Fruits |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Anthocyanin Composition and Functional Analysis of an Anthocyanin Activator in Solanum nigrum Fruits |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Anthocyanin Composition and Functional Analysis of an Anthocyanin Activator in Solanum nigrum Fruits |
| title_short | Identification of Anthocyanin Composition and Functional Analysis of an Anthocyanin Activator in Solanum nigrum Fruits |
| title_sort | identification of anthocyanin composition and functional analysis of an anthocyanin activator in solanum nigrum fruits |
| topic | Solanum nigrum anthocyanin HPLC-MS/MS antioxidant capacity SnMYB transcription factor |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/6/876 |
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