Inflammatory and Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Their Newborns
Background. Pregnant women are more susceptible to severe disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed a prospective study to analyze the inflammatory and immune profile after SARS-CoV-2 infection occurring in vaccinated or non-vaccinated pregnant women and their newborns. Methods. Twe...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/5/664 |
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| author | Paola Zelini Piera d’Angelo Federica Zavaglio Ehsan Soleymaninejadian Liliana Mariani Francesca Perotti Mattia Dominoni Stelvio Tonello Pierpaolo Sainaghi Rosalba Minisini Daria Apostolo Daniele Lilleri Arsenio Spinillo Fausto Baldanti |
| author_facet | Paola Zelini Piera d’Angelo Federica Zavaglio Ehsan Soleymaninejadian Liliana Mariani Francesca Perotti Mattia Dominoni Stelvio Tonello Pierpaolo Sainaghi Rosalba Minisini Daria Apostolo Daniele Lilleri Arsenio Spinillo Fausto Baldanti |
| author_sort | Paola Zelini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background. Pregnant women are more susceptible to severe disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed a prospective study to analyze the inflammatory and immune profile after SARS-CoV-2 infection occurring in vaccinated or non-vaccinated pregnant women and their newborns. Methods. Twenty-five pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled, and sixteen cord blood samples were obtained at delivery. Results. We observed that IL-1β, TNF-α, Eotaxin, MIB-1β, VEGF, IL-15, IL-2, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-1ra levels were significantly higher in vaccinated than non-vaccinated mothers. Furthermore, the newborns of the vaccinated mothers produced higher levels of IL-7, IL-5 and IL-12 compared to the newborns of non-vaccinated mothers. Anti-Spike (S) IgG levels were significantly higher in all vaccinated mothers and their newborns compared to the non-vaccinated group. We found that 87.5% of vaccinated women and 66.6% of non-vaccinated women mounted an S-specific T-cell response quantified by ELISpot assay. Moreover, 75.0% of vaccinated mothers and 38.4% of non-vaccinated mothers showed S-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell proliferative response. The T-helper subset response was restricted to CD4<sup>+</sup> T<sub>h</sub>1 in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated women. Conclusion. A higher level of cytokines, IgG antibodies and memory T cells was noted in the vaccinated women. Furthermore, the maternal IgG antibody trans-placental transfer occurred more frequently in vaccinated mothers and may protect the newborn. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:25:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-264dc86932664335abdbc32fc7e542ad2023-11-18T02:46:36ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-04-0112566410.3390/pathogens12050664Inflammatory and Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Their NewbornsPaola Zelini0Piera d’Angelo1Federica Zavaglio2Ehsan Soleymaninejadian3Liliana Mariani4Francesca Perotti5Mattia Dominoni6Stelvio Tonello7Pierpaolo Sainaghi8Rosalba Minisini9Daria Apostolo10Daniele Lilleri11Arsenio Spinillo12Fausto Baldanti13Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyMolecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyMolecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostics and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyObstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyObstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyObstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyImmunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, ItalyImmunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, ItalyInternal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, ItalyImmunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, ItalyMolecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyObstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyMolecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyBackground. Pregnant women are more susceptible to severe disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed a prospective study to analyze the inflammatory and immune profile after SARS-CoV-2 infection occurring in vaccinated or non-vaccinated pregnant women and their newborns. Methods. Twenty-five pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled, and sixteen cord blood samples were obtained at delivery. Results. We observed that IL-1β, TNF-α, Eotaxin, MIB-1β, VEGF, IL-15, IL-2, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-1ra levels were significantly higher in vaccinated than non-vaccinated mothers. Furthermore, the newborns of the vaccinated mothers produced higher levels of IL-7, IL-5 and IL-12 compared to the newborns of non-vaccinated mothers. Anti-Spike (S) IgG levels were significantly higher in all vaccinated mothers and their newborns compared to the non-vaccinated group. We found that 87.5% of vaccinated women and 66.6% of non-vaccinated women mounted an S-specific T-cell response quantified by ELISpot assay. Moreover, 75.0% of vaccinated mothers and 38.4% of non-vaccinated mothers showed S-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell proliferative response. The T-helper subset response was restricted to CD4<sup>+</sup> T<sub>h</sub>1 in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated women. Conclusion. A higher level of cytokines, IgG antibodies and memory T cells was noted in the vaccinated women. Furthermore, the maternal IgG antibody trans-placental transfer occurred more frequently in vaccinated mothers and may protect the newborn.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/5/664pregnancySARS-CoV-2immunityvaccine |
| spellingShingle | Paola Zelini Piera d’Angelo Federica Zavaglio Ehsan Soleymaninejadian Liliana Mariani Francesca Perotti Mattia Dominoni Stelvio Tonello Pierpaolo Sainaghi Rosalba Minisini Daria Apostolo Daniele Lilleri Arsenio Spinillo Fausto Baldanti Inflammatory and Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Their Newborns Pathogens pregnancy SARS-CoV-2 immunity vaccine |
| title | Inflammatory and Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Their Newborns |
| title_full | Inflammatory and Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Their Newborns |
| title_fullStr | Inflammatory and Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Their Newborns |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inflammatory and Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Their Newborns |
| title_short | Inflammatory and Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Their Newborns |
| title_sort | inflammatory and immune responses during sars cov 2 infection in vaccinated and non vaccinated pregnant women and their newborns |
| topic | pregnancy SARS-CoV-2 immunity vaccine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/5/664 |
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