Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor
Owing to increasingly stringent emission limits, particulate filters have become mandatory for gasoline-engine vehicles. Monitoring their soot loading is necessary for error-free operation. The state-of-the-art differential pressure sensors suffer from inaccuracies due to small amounts of stored soo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7861 |
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| author | Stefanie Walter Peter Schwanzer Gunter Hagen Hans-Peter Rabl Markus Dietrich Ralf Moos |
| author_facet | Stefanie Walter Peter Schwanzer Gunter Hagen Hans-Peter Rabl Markus Dietrich Ralf Moos |
| author_sort | Stefanie Walter |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Owing to increasingly stringent emission limits, particulate filters have become mandatory for gasoline-engine vehicles. Monitoring their soot loading is necessary for error-free operation. The state-of-the-art differential pressure sensors suffer from inaccuracies due to small amounts of stored soot combined with exhaust gas conditions that lead to partial regeneration. As an alternative approach, radio-frequency-based (RF) sensors can accurately measure the soot loading, even under these conditions, by detecting soot through its dielectric properties. However, they face a different challenge as their sensitivity may depend on the engine operation conditions during soot formation. In this article, this influence is evaluated in more detail. Various soot samples were generated on an engine test bench. Their dielectric properties were measured using the microwave cavity perturbation (MCP) method and compared with the corresponding sensitivity of the RF sensor determined on a lab test bench. Both showed similar behavior. The values for the soot samples themselves, however, differed significantly from each other. A way to correct for this cross-sensitivity was found in the influence of exhaust gas humidity on the RF sensor, which can be correlated with the engine load. By evaluating this influence during significant humidity changes, such as fuel cuts, it could be used to correct the influence of the engineon the RF sensor. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:02:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-265f151772af436eb9e9ac71748ea17c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:02:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-265f151772af436eb9e9ac71748ea17c2023-11-19T12:55:14ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-09-012318786110.3390/s23187861Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based SensorStefanie Walter0Peter Schwanzer1Gunter Hagen2Hans-Peter Rabl3Markus Dietrich4Ralf Moos5Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, GermanyCombustion Engines and Emissions Control Laboratory, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, GermanyBayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, GermanyCombustion Engines and Emissions Control Laboratory, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, GermanyVitesco Technologies GmbH, 93055 Regensburg, GermanyBayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, GermanyOwing to increasingly stringent emission limits, particulate filters have become mandatory for gasoline-engine vehicles. Monitoring their soot loading is necessary for error-free operation. The state-of-the-art differential pressure sensors suffer from inaccuracies due to small amounts of stored soot combined with exhaust gas conditions that lead to partial regeneration. As an alternative approach, radio-frequency-based (RF) sensors can accurately measure the soot loading, even under these conditions, by detecting soot through its dielectric properties. However, they face a different challenge as their sensitivity may depend on the engine operation conditions during soot formation. In this article, this influence is evaluated in more detail. Various soot samples were generated on an engine test bench. Their dielectric properties were measured using the microwave cavity perturbation (MCP) method and compared with the corresponding sensitivity of the RF sensor determined on a lab test bench. Both showed similar behavior. The values for the soot samples themselves, however, differed significantly from each other. A way to correct for this cross-sensitivity was found in the influence of exhaust gas humidity on the RF sensor, which can be correlated with the engine load. By evaluating this influence during significant humidity changes, such as fuel cuts, it could be used to correct the influence of the engineon the RF sensor.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7861gasoline particulate filter (GPF)radio-frequency (RF)soot mass determinationengine test benchmicrowave cavity perturbationdielectric properties |
| spellingShingle | Stefanie Walter Peter Schwanzer Gunter Hagen Hans-Peter Rabl Markus Dietrich Ralf Moos Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor Sensors gasoline particulate filter (GPF) radio-frequency (RF) soot mass determination engine test bench microwave cavity perturbation dielectric properties |
| title | Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor |
| title_full | Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor |
| title_fullStr | Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor |
| title_short | Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor |
| title_sort | soot monitoring of gasoline particulate filters using a radio frequency based sensor |
| topic | gasoline particulate filter (GPF) radio-frequency (RF) soot mass determination engine test bench microwave cavity perturbation dielectric properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7861 |
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