Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential
The food sector’s interest in sustainability and the demand for novel bioactive compounds are increasing. Many fruits are wasted every year before ripening due to various climatic conditions and harsh weather. Unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons could be rich sources of phenolic compounds that...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/167 |
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| author | Akhtar Ali Zeshan Asgher Jeremy J. Cottrell Frank R. Dunshea |
| author_facet | Akhtar Ali Zeshan Asgher Jeremy J. Cottrell Frank R. Dunshea |
| author_sort | Akhtar Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The food sector’s interest in sustainability and the demand for novel bioactive compounds are increasing. Many fruits are wasted every year before ripening due to various climatic conditions and harsh weather. Unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons could be rich sources of phenolic compounds that need to be fully elucidated. Using fruit waste as a source of bioactive chemicals has grown increasingly appealing as it may have significant economic benefits. Polyphenols are beneficial for human health to inhibit or minimize oxidative stress and can be used to develop functional and nutraceutical food products. In this context, this study aimed to characterize and screen unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons for phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and their antioxidant activities. Unripe mangoes were quantified with higher total phenolic content (TPC, 58.01 ± 6.37 mg GAE/g) compared to black lemon (23.08 ± 2.28 mg GAE/g) and unripe grapes (19.42 ± 1.16 mg GAE/g). Furthermore, unripe mangoes were also measured with higher antioxidant potential than unripe grapes and black lemons. A total of 85 phenolic compounds (70 in black lemons, 49 in unripe grapes, and 68 in unripe mango) were identified, and 23 phenolic compounds were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Procyanidin B2, gallic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid were measured with higher concentration in these selected unripe fruits. A positive correlation was found between phenolic contents and the antioxidant activities of unripe fruits. Furthermore, chemometric analysis was conducted to validate the results. This study will explore the utilization of these unripe fruits to develop functional and therapeutic foods. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:01:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2669c82bb22b4d41a4a88e9989aebc69 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:01:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-2669c82bb22b4d41a4a88e9989aebc692024-01-10T15:04:22ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-12-0129116710.3390/molecules29010167Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant PotentialAkhtar Ali0Zeshan Asgher1Jeremy J. Cottrell2Frank R. Dunshea3School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, AustraliaThe food sector’s interest in sustainability and the demand for novel bioactive compounds are increasing. Many fruits are wasted every year before ripening due to various climatic conditions and harsh weather. Unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons could be rich sources of phenolic compounds that need to be fully elucidated. Using fruit waste as a source of bioactive chemicals has grown increasingly appealing as it may have significant economic benefits. Polyphenols are beneficial for human health to inhibit or minimize oxidative stress and can be used to develop functional and nutraceutical food products. In this context, this study aimed to characterize and screen unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons for phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and their antioxidant activities. Unripe mangoes were quantified with higher total phenolic content (TPC, 58.01 ± 6.37 mg GAE/g) compared to black lemon (23.08 ± 2.28 mg GAE/g) and unripe grapes (19.42 ± 1.16 mg GAE/g). Furthermore, unripe mangoes were also measured with higher antioxidant potential than unripe grapes and black lemons. A total of 85 phenolic compounds (70 in black lemons, 49 in unripe grapes, and 68 in unripe mango) were identified, and 23 phenolic compounds were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Procyanidin B2, gallic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid were measured with higher concentration in these selected unripe fruits. A positive correlation was found between phenolic contents and the antioxidant activities of unripe fruits. Furthermore, chemometric analysis was conducted to validate the results. This study will explore the utilization of these unripe fruits to develop functional and therapeutic foods.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/167unripe mangoblack lemonunripe grapespolyphenolsflavonoidsantioxidants |
| spellingShingle | Akhtar Ali Zeshan Asgher Jeremy J. Cottrell Frank R. Dunshea Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential Molecules unripe mango black lemon unripe grapes polyphenols flavonoids antioxidants |
| title | Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential |
| title_full | Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential |
| title_fullStr | Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential |
| title_full_unstemmed | Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential |
| title_short | Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential |
| title_sort | screening and characterization of phenolic compounds from selected unripe fruits and their antioxidant potential |
| topic | unripe mango black lemon unripe grapes polyphenols flavonoids antioxidants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/167 |
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