An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding
Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) are used in chicken production to suppress pathogens in the gut and improve performance, but such products tend to suppress beneficial bacteria while favoring the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A green alternative to AGP with the ability to s...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| author | Shyam Sundar Paul Savaram Venkata Rama Rao Rudra Nath Chatterjee Mantena Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Raju Ajay Kumar Mahato Bhukya Prakash Satya Pal Yadav Alagarsamy Kannan Godumagadda Narender Reddy Vikas Kumar Prakki Santosh Phani Kumar |
| author_facet | Shyam Sundar Paul Savaram Venkata Rama Rao Rudra Nath Chatterjee Mantena Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Raju Ajay Kumar Mahato Bhukya Prakash Satya Pal Yadav Alagarsamy Kannan Godumagadda Narender Reddy Vikas Kumar Prakki Santosh Phani Kumar |
| author_sort | Shyam Sundar Paul |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) are used in chicken production to suppress pathogens in the gut and improve performance, but such products tend to suppress beneficial bacteria while favoring the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A green alternative to AGP with the ability to suppress pathogens, but with an additional ability to spare beneficial gut bacteria and improve breeding performance is urgently required. We investigated the effect of supplementation of a blend of select essential oils (cinnamon oil, carvacrol, and thyme oil, henceforth referred to as EO; at two doses: 200 g/t and 400 g/t feed) exhibiting an ability to spare Lactobacillus while exhibiting strong <i>E. coli</i> inhibition ability under in vitro tests and immobilized in a sunflower oil and calcium alginate matrix, to broiler chickens and compared the effects with those of a probiotic yeast (Y), an AGP virginiamycin (V), and a negative control (C). qPCR analysis of metagenomic DNA from the gut content of experimental chickens indicated a significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lower density of <i>E. coli</i> in the EO groups as compared to other groups. Amplicon sequence data of the gut microbiome indicated that all the additives had specific significant effects (DESeq2) on the gut microbiome, such as enrichment of uncultured Clostridia in the V and Y groups and uncultured Ruminococcaceae in the EO groups, as compared to the control. LEfSe analysis of the sequence data indicated a high abundance of beneficial bacteria Ruminococcaceae in the EO groups, Faecalibacterium in the Y group, and Blautia in the V group. Supplementation of the immobilized EO at the dose rate of 400 g/ton feed improved body weight gain (by 64 g/bird), feed efficiency (by 5 points), and cellular immunity (skin thickness response to phytoheamagglutinin lectin from <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> by 58%) significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas neither yeast nor virginiamycin showed a significant effect on performance parameters. Expression of genes associated with gut barrier and immunity function such as <i>CLAUDIN1</i>, <i>IL6</i>, <i>IFNG</i>, <i>TLR2A</i>, and <i>NOD1</i> were significantly higher in the EO groups. This study showed that the encapsulated EO mixture can improve the density of beneficial microbes in the gut significantly, with concomitant suppression of potential pathogens such as <i>E.coli</i> and improved performance and immunity, and hence, has a high potential to be used as an effective alternative to AGP in poultry. |
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| issn | 2076-2607 |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-26834250bc994c3dbf62bf665a40fe852023-11-19T02:16:47ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-07-01118196010.3390/microorganisms11081960An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken BreedingShyam Sundar Paul0Savaram Venkata Rama Rao1Rudra Nath Chatterjee2Mantena Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Raju3Ajay Kumar Mahato4Bhukya Prakash5Satya Pal Yadav6Alagarsamy Kannan7Godumagadda Narender Reddy8Vikas Kumar9Prakki Santosh Phani Kumar10Directorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaThe Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500039, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaDirectorate of Poultry Research, Poultry Nutrition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Hyderabad 500030, IndiaAntimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) are used in chicken production to suppress pathogens in the gut and improve performance, but such products tend to suppress beneficial bacteria while favoring the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A green alternative to AGP with the ability to suppress pathogens, but with an additional ability to spare beneficial gut bacteria and improve breeding performance is urgently required. We investigated the effect of supplementation of a blend of select essential oils (cinnamon oil, carvacrol, and thyme oil, henceforth referred to as EO; at two doses: 200 g/t and 400 g/t feed) exhibiting an ability to spare Lactobacillus while exhibiting strong <i>E. coli</i> inhibition ability under in vitro tests and immobilized in a sunflower oil and calcium alginate matrix, to broiler chickens and compared the effects with those of a probiotic yeast (Y), an AGP virginiamycin (V), and a negative control (C). qPCR analysis of metagenomic DNA from the gut content of experimental chickens indicated a significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lower density of <i>E. coli</i> in the EO groups as compared to other groups. Amplicon sequence data of the gut microbiome indicated that all the additives had specific significant effects (DESeq2) on the gut microbiome, such as enrichment of uncultured Clostridia in the V and Y groups and uncultured Ruminococcaceae in the EO groups, as compared to the control. LEfSe analysis of the sequence data indicated a high abundance of beneficial bacteria Ruminococcaceae in the EO groups, Faecalibacterium in the Y group, and Blautia in the V group. Supplementation of the immobilized EO at the dose rate of 400 g/ton feed improved body weight gain (by 64 g/bird), feed efficiency (by 5 points), and cellular immunity (skin thickness response to phytoheamagglutinin lectin from <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> by 58%) significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas neither yeast nor virginiamycin showed a significant effect on performance parameters. Expression of genes associated with gut barrier and immunity function such as <i>CLAUDIN1</i>, <i>IL6</i>, <i>IFNG</i>, <i>TLR2A</i>, and <i>NOD1</i> were significantly higher in the EO groups. This study showed that the encapsulated EO mixture can improve the density of beneficial microbes in the gut significantly, with concomitant suppression of potential pathogens such as <i>E.coli</i> and improved performance and immunity, and hence, has a high potential to be used as an effective alternative to AGP in poultry.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/1960gut microbiomeantimicrobial resistanceantibiotic growth promoterbroiler chickenessential oilalternatives |
| spellingShingle | Shyam Sundar Paul Savaram Venkata Rama Rao Rudra Nath Chatterjee Mantena Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Raju Ajay Kumar Mahato Bhukya Prakash Satya Pal Yadav Alagarsamy Kannan Godumagadda Narender Reddy Vikas Kumar Prakki Santosh Phani Kumar An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding Microorganisms gut microbiome antimicrobial resistance antibiotic growth promoter broiler chicken essential oil alternatives |
| title | An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding |
| title_full | An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding |
| title_fullStr | An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding |
| title_short | An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding |
| title_sort | immobilized form of a blend of essential oils improves the density of beneficial bacteria in addition to suppressing pathogens in the gut and also improves the performance of chicken breeding |
| topic | gut microbiome antimicrobial resistance antibiotic growth promoter broiler chicken essential oil alternatives |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/1960 |
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