Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems
Grain filling plays an important role in achieving high grain yield. Manipulating planting densities is recognized as a viable approach to compensate for the reduced yield caused by nitrogen reduction. Understanding the effects of nitrogen fertilization and planting density on superior and inferior...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Plants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/12/2298 |
| _version_ | 1827735865753862144 |
|---|---|
| author | Wentao Zhou Lingling Yan Zhiqiang Fu Huijuan Guo Wei Zhang Wen Liu Yumeng Ye Pan Long |
| author_facet | Wentao Zhou Lingling Yan Zhiqiang Fu Huijuan Guo Wei Zhang Wen Liu Yumeng Ye Pan Long |
| author_sort | Wentao Zhou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Grain filling plays an important role in achieving high grain yield. Manipulating planting densities is recognized as a viable approach to compensate for the reduced yield caused by nitrogen reduction. Understanding the effects of nitrogen fertilization and planting density on superior and inferior grain filling is crucial to ensure grain security. Hence, double-cropping paddy field trials were conducted to investigate the effect of three nitrogen levels (N1, conventional nitrogen application; N2, 10% nitrogen reduction; N3, 20% nitrogen reduction) and three planting densities (D1, conventional planting density; D2, 20% density increase; D3, 40% density increase) on grain yield, yield formation, and grain-filling characteristics at two sowing dates (S1, a conventional sowing date, and S2, a date postponed by ten days) in 2019–2020. The results revealed that the annual yield of S1 was 8.5–14% higher than that of S2. Reducing nitrogen from N2 to N3 decreased the annual yield by 2.8–7.6%, but increasing planting densities from D1 to D3 significantly improved yield, by 6.2–19.4%. Furthermore, N2D3 had the highest yield, which was 8.7–23.8% higher than the plants that had received the other treatments. The rice yield increase was attributed to higher numbers of panicles per m<sup>2</sup> and spikelets per panicle on the primary branches, influenced by superior grain filling. Increasing planting density and reducing nitrogen application significantly affected grain-filling weight, with the 40% density increase significantly facilitating superior and inferior grain filling with the same nitrogen level. Increasing density can improve superior grains while reducing nitrogen will decrease superior grains. These results suggest that N2D3 is an optimal strategy to increase yield and grain filling for double-cropping rice grown under two sowing-date conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:00:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-26990011cdf54f8a80dda8314b107c89 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:00:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-26990011cdf54f8a80dda8314b107c892023-11-18T12:10:11ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-06-011212229810.3390/plants12122298Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice SystemsWentao Zhou0Lingling Yan1Zhiqiang Fu2Huijuan Guo3Wei Zhang4Wen Liu5Yumeng Ye6Pan Long7Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaYiyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yiyang 413499, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaGrain filling plays an important role in achieving high grain yield. Manipulating planting densities is recognized as a viable approach to compensate for the reduced yield caused by nitrogen reduction. Understanding the effects of nitrogen fertilization and planting density on superior and inferior grain filling is crucial to ensure grain security. Hence, double-cropping paddy field trials were conducted to investigate the effect of three nitrogen levels (N1, conventional nitrogen application; N2, 10% nitrogen reduction; N3, 20% nitrogen reduction) and three planting densities (D1, conventional planting density; D2, 20% density increase; D3, 40% density increase) on grain yield, yield formation, and grain-filling characteristics at two sowing dates (S1, a conventional sowing date, and S2, a date postponed by ten days) in 2019–2020. The results revealed that the annual yield of S1 was 8.5–14% higher than that of S2. Reducing nitrogen from N2 to N3 decreased the annual yield by 2.8–7.6%, but increasing planting densities from D1 to D3 significantly improved yield, by 6.2–19.4%. Furthermore, N2D3 had the highest yield, which was 8.7–23.8% higher than the plants that had received the other treatments. The rice yield increase was attributed to higher numbers of panicles per m<sup>2</sup> and spikelets per panicle on the primary branches, influenced by superior grain filling. Increasing planting density and reducing nitrogen application significantly affected grain-filling weight, with the 40% density increase significantly facilitating superior and inferior grain filling with the same nitrogen level. Increasing density can improve superior grains while reducing nitrogen will decrease superior grains. These results suggest that N2D3 is an optimal strategy to increase yield and grain filling for double-cropping rice grown under two sowing-date conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/12/2298nitrogen reductiondensity increasesowing datesgrain yieldgrain filling |
| spellingShingle | Wentao Zhou Lingling Yan Zhiqiang Fu Huijuan Guo Wei Zhang Wen Liu Yumeng Ye Pan Long Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems Plants nitrogen reduction density increase sowing dates grain yield grain filling |
| title | Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems |
| title_full | Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems |
| title_fullStr | Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems |
| title_short | Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems |
| title_sort | increasing planting density and reducing n application improves yield and grain filling at two sowing dates in double cropping rice systems |
| topic | nitrogen reduction density increase sowing dates grain yield grain filling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/12/2298 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wentaozhou increasingplantingdensityandreducingnapplicationimprovesyieldandgrainfillingattwosowingdatesindoublecroppingricesystems AT linglingyan increasingplantingdensityandreducingnapplicationimprovesyieldandgrainfillingattwosowingdatesindoublecroppingricesystems AT zhiqiangfu increasingplantingdensityandreducingnapplicationimprovesyieldandgrainfillingattwosowingdatesindoublecroppingricesystems AT huijuanguo increasingplantingdensityandreducingnapplicationimprovesyieldandgrainfillingattwosowingdatesindoublecroppingricesystems AT weizhang increasingplantingdensityandreducingnapplicationimprovesyieldandgrainfillingattwosowingdatesindoublecroppingricesystems AT wenliu increasingplantingdensityandreducingnapplicationimprovesyieldandgrainfillingattwosowingdatesindoublecroppingricesystems AT yumengye increasingplantingdensityandreducingnapplicationimprovesyieldandgrainfillingattwosowingdatesindoublecroppingricesystems AT panlong increasingplantingdensityandreducingnapplicationimprovesyieldandgrainfillingattwosowingdatesindoublecroppingricesystems |