Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions
This paper aims to present and assess the quality of seven years (2011⁻2017) of 25 km nine-day Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) objectively analyzed maps in the Arctic and sub-Arctic oceans (<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> &l...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-11-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1772 |
| _version_ | 1818487322257129472 |
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| author | Estrella Olmedo Carolina Gabarró Verónica González-Gambau Justino Martínez Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy Antonio Turiel Marcos Portabella Severine Fournier Tong Lee |
| author_facet | Estrella Olmedo Carolina Gabarró Verónica González-Gambau Justino Martínez Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy Antonio Turiel Marcos Portabella Severine Fournier Tong Lee |
| author_sort | Estrella Olmedo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper aims to present and assess the quality of seven years (2011⁻2017) of 25 km nine-day Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) objectively analyzed maps in the Arctic and sub-Arctic oceans (<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>50</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>N⁻<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>90</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>N). The SMOS SSS maps presented in this work are an improved version of the preliminary three-year dataset generated and freely distributed by the Barcelona Expert Center. In this new version, a time-dependent bias correction has been applied to mitigate the seasonal bias that affected the previous SSS maps. An extensive database of in situ data (Argo floats and thermosalinograph measurements) has been used for assessing the accuracy of this product. The standard deviation of the difference between the new SMOS SSS maps and Argo SSS ranges from 0.25 and 0.35. The major features of the inter-annual SSS variations observed by the thermosalinographs are also captured by the SMOS SSS maps. However, the validation in some regions of the Arctic Ocean has not been feasible because of the lack of in situ data. In those regions, qualitative comparisons with SSS provided by models and the remotely sensed SSS provided by Aquarius and SMAP have been performed. Despite the differences between SMOS and SMAP, both datasets show consistent SSS variations with respect to the model and the river discharge in situ data, but present a larger dynamic range than that of the model. This result suggests that, in those regions, the use of the remotely sensed SSS may help to improve the models. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T16:36:19Z |
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| id | doaj.art-26a6e3f51d1846e6a5337d502378d35e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T16:36:19Z |
| publishDate | 2018-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-26a6e3f51d1846e6a5337d502378d35e2022-12-22T01:41:24ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922018-11-011011177210.3390/rs10111772rs10111772Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic RegionsEstrella Olmedo0Carolina Gabarró1Verónica González-Gambau2Justino Martínez3Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy4Antonio Turiel5Marcos Portabella6Severine Fournier7Tong Lee8Department of Physical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC & Barcelona Expert Center, Pg. Marítim 37–49, E-08003 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Physical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC & Barcelona Expert Center, Pg. Marítim 37–49, E-08003 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Physical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC & Barcelona Expert Center, Pg. Marítim 37–49, E-08003 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Physical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC & Barcelona Expert Center, Pg. Marítim 37–49, E-08003 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Physical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC & Barcelona Expert Center, Pg. Marítim 37–49, E-08003 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Physical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC & Barcelona Expert Center, Pg. Marítim 37–49, E-08003 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Physical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC & Barcelona Expert Center, Pg. Marítim 37–49, E-08003 Barcelona, SpainJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USAJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USAThis paper aims to present and assess the quality of seven years (2011⁻2017) of 25 km nine-day Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) objectively analyzed maps in the Arctic and sub-Arctic oceans (<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>50</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>N⁻<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>90</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>N). The SMOS SSS maps presented in this work are an improved version of the preliminary three-year dataset generated and freely distributed by the Barcelona Expert Center. In this new version, a time-dependent bias correction has been applied to mitigate the seasonal bias that affected the previous SSS maps. An extensive database of in situ data (Argo floats and thermosalinograph measurements) has been used for assessing the accuracy of this product. The standard deviation of the difference between the new SMOS SSS maps and Argo SSS ranges from 0.25 and 0.35. The major features of the inter-annual SSS variations observed by the thermosalinographs are also captured by the SMOS SSS maps. However, the validation in some regions of the Arctic Ocean has not been feasible because of the lack of in situ data. In those regions, qualitative comparisons with SSS provided by models and the remotely sensed SSS provided by Aquarius and SMAP have been performed. Despite the differences between SMOS and SMAP, both datasets show consistent SSS variations with respect to the model and the river discharge in situ data, but present a larger dynamic range than that of the model. This result suggests that, in those regions, the use of the remotely sensed SSS may help to improve the models.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1772sea surface salinityremote sensingArctic oceanSMOSArctic riversdata processingquality assessment |
| spellingShingle | Estrella Olmedo Carolina Gabarró Verónica González-Gambau Justino Martínez Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy Antonio Turiel Marcos Portabella Severine Fournier Tong Lee Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions Remote Sensing sea surface salinity remote sensing Arctic ocean SMOS Arctic rivers data processing quality assessment |
| title | Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
| title_full | Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
| title_fullStr | Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
| title_short | Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
| title_sort | seven years of smos sea surface salinity at high latitudes variability in arctic and sub arctic regions |
| topic | sea surface salinity remote sensing Arctic ocean SMOS Arctic rivers data processing quality assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1772 |
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