Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution
The polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde in a water–ethanol mixture using the adapted Stöber method was used to obtain resol resins. An optimization of synthesis conditions and the use of an appropriate stabilizer (e.g., poly(vinyl alcohol)) resulted in spherical grains. The resins were c...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/6/1736 |
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| author | Karol Sidor Tomasz Berniak Piotr Łątka Anna Rokicińska Marek Michalik Piotr Kuśtrowski |
| author_facet | Karol Sidor Tomasz Berniak Piotr Łątka Anna Rokicińska Marek Michalik Piotr Kuśtrowski |
| author_sort | Karol Sidor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde in a water–ethanol mixture using the adapted Stöber method was used to obtain resol resins. An optimization of synthesis conditions and the use of an appropriate stabilizer (e.g., poly(vinyl alcohol)) resulted in spherical grains. The resins were carbonized in the temperature range of 600–1050 °C and then chemically activated in an aqueous HNO<sub>3</sub> solution, gaseous ammonia, or by an oxidation–reduction cycle (soaking in a HNO<sub>3</sub> solution followed by treatment with NH<sub>3</sub>). The obtained carbons were characterized by XRD, the low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, SEM, TGA, and XPS in order to determine degree of graphitization, porosity, shape and size of particles, and surface composition, respectively. Finally, the materials were tested in phenol adsorption. The pseudo-second order model perfectly described the adsorption kinetics. A clear correlation between the micropore volume and the adsorption capacity was found. The content of graphite domains also had a positive effect on the adsorption properties. On the other hand, the presence of heteroatoms, especially oxygen groups, resulted in the clogging of the pores and a decrease in the amount of adsorbed phenol. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:04:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-26bb80090bfe4bc8804ccf02d0802ac4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:04:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-26bb80090bfe4bc8804ccf02d0802ac42023-11-21T11:14:17ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-03-01266173610.3390/molecules26061736Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous SolutionKarol Sidor0Tomasz Berniak1Piotr Łątka2Anna Rokicińska3Marek Michalik4Piotr Kuśtrowski5Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, PolandInstitute of Geological Science, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, PolandThe polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde in a water–ethanol mixture using the adapted Stöber method was used to obtain resol resins. An optimization of synthesis conditions and the use of an appropriate stabilizer (e.g., poly(vinyl alcohol)) resulted in spherical grains. The resins were carbonized in the temperature range of 600–1050 °C and then chemically activated in an aqueous HNO<sub>3</sub> solution, gaseous ammonia, or by an oxidation–reduction cycle (soaking in a HNO<sub>3</sub> solution followed by treatment with NH<sub>3</sub>). The obtained carbons were characterized by XRD, the low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, SEM, TGA, and XPS in order to determine degree of graphitization, porosity, shape and size of particles, and surface composition, respectively. Finally, the materials were tested in phenol adsorption. The pseudo-second order model perfectly described the adsorption kinetics. A clear correlation between the micropore volume and the adsorption capacity was found. The content of graphite domains also had a positive effect on the adsorption properties. On the other hand, the presence of heteroatoms, especially oxygen groups, resulted in the clogging of the pores and a decrease in the amount of adsorbed phenol.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/6/1736resol resinscarbonizationspherical grainsactivated carbonsgraphitizationheteroatom-containing carbon surface |
| spellingShingle | Karol Sidor Tomasz Berniak Piotr Łątka Anna Rokicińska Marek Michalik Piotr Kuśtrowski Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution Molecules resol resins carbonization spherical grains activated carbons graphitization heteroatom-containing carbon surface |
| title | Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution |
| title_full | Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution |
| title_fullStr | Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution |
| title_short | Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution |
| title_sort | tailoring properties of resol resin derived spherical carbons for adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution |
| topic | resol resins carbonization spherical grains activated carbons graphitization heteroatom-containing carbon surface |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/6/1736 |
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