Assessment of Convolution Neural Networks for Wetland Mapping with Landsat in the Central Canadian Boreal Forest Region
Methods for effective wetland monitoring are needed to understand how ecosystem services may be altered from past and present anthropogenic activities and recent climate change. The large extent of wetlands in many regions suggests remote sensing as an effective means for monitoring. Remote sensing...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-03-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/772 |
| _version_ | 1828129803309416448 |
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| author | Darren Pouliot Rasim Latifovic Jon Pasher Jason Duffe |
| author_facet | Darren Pouliot Rasim Latifovic Jon Pasher Jason Duffe |
| author_sort | Darren Pouliot |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Methods for effective wetland monitoring are needed to understand how ecosystem services may be altered from past and present anthropogenic activities and recent climate change. The large extent of wetlands in many regions suggests remote sensing as an effective means for monitoring. Remote sensing approaches have shown good performance in local extent studies, but larger regional efforts have generally produced low accuracies for detailed classes. In this research we evaluate the potential of deep-learning Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) for wetland classification using Landsat data to bog, fen, marsh, swamp, and water classes defined by the Canada Wetland Classification System (CWCS). The study area is the northern part of the forested region of Alberta where we had access to two reference data sources. We evaluated ResNet CNNs and developed a Multi-Size/Scale ResNet Ensemble (MSRE) approach that exhibited the best performance. For assessment, a spatial extension strategy was employed that separated regions for training and testing. Results were consistent between the two reference sources. The best overall accuracy for the CWCS classes was 62–68%. Compared to a pixel-based random forest implementation this was 5–7% higher depending on the accuracy measure considered. For a parameter-optimized spatial-based implementation this was 2–4% higher. For a reduced set of classes to water, wetland, and upland, overall accuracy was in the range of 86–87%. Assessment for sampling over the entire region instead of spatial extension improved the mean class accuracies (F1-score) by 9% for the CWCS classes and for the reduced three-class level by 6%. The overall accuracies were 69% and 90% for the CWCS and reduced classes respectively with region sampling. Results in this study show that detailed classification of wetland types with Landsat remains challenging, particularly for small wetlands. In addition, further investigation of deep-learning methods are needed to identify CNN configurations and sampling methods better suited to moderate spatial resolution imagery across a range of environments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T16:25:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-272a1031145449c9919dbf2395577570 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T16:25:21Z |
| publishDate | 2019-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-272a1031145449c9919dbf23955775702022-12-22T04:14:11ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922019-03-0111777210.3390/rs11070772rs11070772Assessment of Convolution Neural Networks for Wetland Mapping with Landsat in the Central Canadian Boreal Forest RegionDarren Pouliot0Rasim Latifovic1Jon Pasher2Jason Duffe3Environment and Climate Change Canada, Landscape Science and Technology, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, CanadaNatural Resources Canada, Canada Center for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E4, CanadaEnvironment and Climate Change Canada, Landscape Science and Technology, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, CanadaEnvironment and Climate Change Canada, Landscape Science and Technology, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, CanadaMethods for effective wetland monitoring are needed to understand how ecosystem services may be altered from past and present anthropogenic activities and recent climate change. The large extent of wetlands in many regions suggests remote sensing as an effective means for monitoring. Remote sensing approaches have shown good performance in local extent studies, but larger regional efforts have generally produced low accuracies for detailed classes. In this research we evaluate the potential of deep-learning Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) for wetland classification using Landsat data to bog, fen, marsh, swamp, and water classes defined by the Canada Wetland Classification System (CWCS). The study area is the northern part of the forested region of Alberta where we had access to two reference data sources. We evaluated ResNet CNNs and developed a Multi-Size/Scale ResNet Ensemble (MSRE) approach that exhibited the best performance. For assessment, a spatial extension strategy was employed that separated regions for training and testing. Results were consistent between the two reference sources. The best overall accuracy for the CWCS classes was 62–68%. Compared to a pixel-based random forest implementation this was 5–7% higher depending on the accuracy measure considered. For a parameter-optimized spatial-based implementation this was 2–4% higher. For a reduced set of classes to water, wetland, and upland, overall accuracy was in the range of 86–87%. Assessment for sampling over the entire region instead of spatial extension improved the mean class accuracies (F1-score) by 9% for the CWCS classes and for the reduced three-class level by 6%. The overall accuracies were 69% and 90% for the CWCS and reduced classes respectively with region sampling. Results in this study show that detailed classification of wetland types with Landsat remains challenging, particularly for small wetlands. In addition, further investigation of deep-learning methods are needed to identify CNN configurations and sampling methods better suited to moderate spatial resolution imagery across a range of environments.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/772WetlandsLandsatclassificationdeep learningconvolution neural networkmachine learning |
| spellingShingle | Darren Pouliot Rasim Latifovic Jon Pasher Jason Duffe Assessment of Convolution Neural Networks for Wetland Mapping with Landsat in the Central Canadian Boreal Forest Region Remote Sensing Wetlands Landsat classification deep learning convolution neural network machine learning |
| title | Assessment of Convolution Neural Networks for Wetland Mapping with Landsat in the Central Canadian Boreal Forest Region |
| title_full | Assessment of Convolution Neural Networks for Wetland Mapping with Landsat in the Central Canadian Boreal Forest Region |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Convolution Neural Networks for Wetland Mapping with Landsat in the Central Canadian Boreal Forest Region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Convolution Neural Networks for Wetland Mapping with Landsat in the Central Canadian Boreal Forest Region |
| title_short | Assessment of Convolution Neural Networks for Wetland Mapping with Landsat in the Central Canadian Boreal Forest Region |
| title_sort | assessment of convolution neural networks for wetland mapping with landsat in the central canadian boreal forest region |
| topic | Wetlands Landsat classification deep learning convolution neural network machine learning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/772 |
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