Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Al Nanocomposites Using GCNs as a Reinforcement Fabricated by Induction Sintering
High-energy ball milling is a process suitable for producing composite powders whose achieved microstructure can be controlled by the processing parameters. Through this technique, it is possible to obtain a homogeneous distribution of reinforced material into a ductile metal matrix. In this work, s...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| author | Verónica Gallegos Orozco Audel Santos Beltrán Miriam Santos Beltrán Hansel Medrano Prieto Carmen Gallegos Orozco Ivanovich Estrada Guel Roberto Martínez Sánchez José Manuel Mendoza Duarte |
| author_facet | Verónica Gallegos Orozco Audel Santos Beltrán Miriam Santos Beltrán Hansel Medrano Prieto Carmen Gallegos Orozco Ivanovich Estrada Guel Roberto Martínez Sánchez José Manuel Mendoza Duarte |
| author_sort | Verónica Gallegos Orozco |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | High-energy ball milling is a process suitable for producing composite powders whose achieved microstructure can be controlled by the processing parameters. Through this technique, it is possible to obtain a homogeneous distribution of reinforced material into a ductile metal matrix. In this work, some Al/CGNs nanocomposites were fabricated through a high-energy ball mill to disperse nanostructured graphite reinforcements produced in situ in the Al matrix. To retain the dispersed CGNs in the Al matrix, avoiding the precipitation of the Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub> phase during sintering, the high-frequency induction sintering (HFIS) method was used, which allows rapid heating rates. For comparative purposes, samples in the green and sintered state processed in a conventional electric furnace (CFS) were used. Microhardness testing was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the reinforcement in samples under different processing conditions. Structural analyses were carried out through an X-ray diffractometer coupled with a convolutional multiple whole profile (CMWP) fitting program to determine the crystallite size and dislocation density; both strengthening contributions were calculated using the Langford–Cohen and Taylor equations. According to the results, the CGNs dispersed in the Al matrix played an important role in the reinforcement of the Al matrix, promoting the increase in the dislocation density during the milling process. The strengthening contribution of the dislocation density was ~50% of the total hardening value, while the contribution by dispersion of CGNs was ~22% in samples with 3 wt. % C and sintered by the HFIS method. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the morphology, size, and distribution of phases present in the Al matrix. From the analyses carried out in AFM (topography and phase images), the CGNs are located mainly around crystallites and present height profiles of 1.6 to 2 nm. |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:25:50Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-273865b05a7d4bdfae88c4e55805ef7d2023-11-17T11:35:42ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-03-01246555810.3390/ijms24065558Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Al Nanocomposites Using GCNs as a Reinforcement Fabricated by Induction SinteringVerónica Gallegos Orozco0Audel Santos Beltrán1Miriam Santos Beltrán2Hansel Medrano Prieto3Carmen Gallegos Orozco4Ivanovich Estrada Guel5Roberto Martínez Sánchez6José Manuel Mendoza Duarte7Departamento de Nanotecnología, Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua Sur, Km. 3.5 Carr. Chihuahua a Aldama, Chihuahua 31313, MexicoDepartamento de Nanotecnología, Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua Sur, Km. 3.5 Carr. Chihuahua a Aldama, Chihuahua 31313, MexicoDepartamento de Nanotecnología, Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua Sur, Km. 3.5 Carr. Chihuahua a Aldama, Chihuahua 31313, MexicoDepartamento de Nanotecnología, Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua Sur, Km. 3.5 Carr. Chihuahua a Aldama, Chihuahua 31313, MexicoDepartamento de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Chihuahua II, Ave. de las Industrias #11101, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31130, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, MexicoHigh-energy ball milling is a process suitable for producing composite powders whose achieved microstructure can be controlled by the processing parameters. Through this technique, it is possible to obtain a homogeneous distribution of reinforced material into a ductile metal matrix. In this work, some Al/CGNs nanocomposites were fabricated through a high-energy ball mill to disperse nanostructured graphite reinforcements produced in situ in the Al matrix. To retain the dispersed CGNs in the Al matrix, avoiding the precipitation of the Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub> phase during sintering, the high-frequency induction sintering (HFIS) method was used, which allows rapid heating rates. For comparative purposes, samples in the green and sintered state processed in a conventional electric furnace (CFS) were used. Microhardness testing was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the reinforcement in samples under different processing conditions. Structural analyses were carried out through an X-ray diffractometer coupled with a convolutional multiple whole profile (CMWP) fitting program to determine the crystallite size and dislocation density; both strengthening contributions were calculated using the Langford–Cohen and Taylor equations. According to the results, the CGNs dispersed in the Al matrix played an important role in the reinforcement of the Al matrix, promoting the increase in the dislocation density during the milling process. The strengthening contribution of the dislocation density was ~50% of the total hardening value, while the contribution by dispersion of CGNs was ~22% in samples with 3 wt. % C and sintered by the HFIS method. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the morphology, size, and distribution of phases present in the Al matrix. From the analyses carried out in AFM (topography and phase images), the CGNs are located mainly around crystallites and present height profiles of 1.6 to 2 nm.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5558structural analysescarbon nanostructuresmechanical propertiesmetal matrix compositesstrengthening mechanism |
| spellingShingle | Verónica Gallegos Orozco Audel Santos Beltrán Miriam Santos Beltrán Hansel Medrano Prieto Carmen Gallegos Orozco Ivanovich Estrada Guel Roberto Martínez Sánchez José Manuel Mendoza Duarte Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Al Nanocomposites Using GCNs as a Reinforcement Fabricated by Induction Sintering International Journal of Molecular Sciences structural analyses carbon nanostructures mechanical properties metal matrix composites strengthening mechanism |
| title | Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Al Nanocomposites Using GCNs as a Reinforcement Fabricated by Induction Sintering |
| title_full | Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Al Nanocomposites Using GCNs as a Reinforcement Fabricated by Induction Sintering |
| title_fullStr | Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Al Nanocomposites Using GCNs as a Reinforcement Fabricated by Induction Sintering |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Al Nanocomposites Using GCNs as a Reinforcement Fabricated by Induction Sintering |
| title_short | Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Al Nanocomposites Using GCNs as a Reinforcement Fabricated by Induction Sintering |
| title_sort | microstructural and mechanical characterization of al nanocomposites using gcns as a reinforcement fabricated by induction sintering |
| topic | structural analyses carbon nanostructures mechanical properties metal matrix composites strengthening mechanism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5558 |
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