Spatiotemporal Variations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Large Man-Made Lake and Their Relationships with Human Activities
Nitrogen and phosphorus excessive enrichment are major causes of water eutrophication, and variations in nutrients enrichment are strongly influenced by human activities. In this study, annual average water quality from 2001 to 2018 was used to explore the spatiotemporal variations in total nitrogen...
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/4/1106 |
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| author | Ligang Zhou Xiangdong Wang Xiaoming Zhang Yang Zhao Panpan Zhu Xiang Zhao Xiaole Li |
| author_facet | Ligang Zhou Xiangdong Wang Xiaoming Zhang Yang Zhao Panpan Zhu Xiang Zhao Xiaole Li |
| author_sort | Ligang Zhou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nitrogen and phosphorus excessive enrichment are major causes of water eutrophication, and variations in nutrients enrichment are strongly influenced by human activities. In this study, annual average water quality from 2001 to 2018 was used to explore the spatiotemporal variations in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) and their relationships with human activities. Spatially, TN and TP concentrations exhibited significant variations across the five sub-lake zones, and their values were relatively higher in the NW lake zone than the other sub-lake zones. Temporally, TN concentration exhibited weak correlations with years in the NW (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.37, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and NE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.43, <i>p</i> < 0.05) lake zones and significant and positive correlations with years in the SW (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.62, <i>p</i> < 0.05), SE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.79, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and C (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.84, <i>p</i> < 0.05) lake zones. TP concentration exhibited decreasing trends in all lake zones except the NW lake zone (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.37, <i>p</i> < 0.05), its value shows a relatively low level and is the restrictive factor to algal growth. The trophic state of the Lake Qiandaohu was determined as mesotrophic. Gross domestic product (GDP) and construction land exhibited strong correlations with TN and TP. Moreover, agriculture nonpoint source pollution was the largest contributor to the excessive enrichment of TN and TP, resulting in water eutrophication. In addition, aquaculture was another major source of nutrients starting in 1999. Although the managers of Lake Qiandaohu implemented a protection-oriented fishery policy, good results cannot be easily achieved with a unilateral policy concerning environmental protection. Thus, comprehensive policies may be more effective than unilateral policies. |
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| language | English |
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| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-2739a20fe5f846c290b45983125a32ae2023-11-19T21:27:49ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-04-01124110610.3390/w12041106Spatiotemporal Variations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Large Man-Made Lake and Their Relationships with Human ActivitiesLigang Zhou0Xiangdong Wang1Xiaoming Zhang2Yang Zhao3Panpan Zhu4Xiang Zhao5Xiaole Li6State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Research and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Research and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Research and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Research and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, ChinaCollege of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Research and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Research and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, ChinaNitrogen and phosphorus excessive enrichment are major causes of water eutrophication, and variations in nutrients enrichment are strongly influenced by human activities. In this study, annual average water quality from 2001 to 2018 was used to explore the spatiotemporal variations in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) and their relationships with human activities. Spatially, TN and TP concentrations exhibited significant variations across the five sub-lake zones, and their values were relatively higher in the NW lake zone than the other sub-lake zones. Temporally, TN concentration exhibited weak correlations with years in the NW (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.37, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and NE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.43, <i>p</i> < 0.05) lake zones and significant and positive correlations with years in the SW (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.62, <i>p</i> < 0.05), SE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.79, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and C (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.84, <i>p</i> < 0.05) lake zones. TP concentration exhibited decreasing trends in all lake zones except the NW lake zone (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.37, <i>p</i> < 0.05), its value shows a relatively low level and is the restrictive factor to algal growth. The trophic state of the Lake Qiandaohu was determined as mesotrophic. Gross domestic product (GDP) and construction land exhibited strong correlations with TN and TP. Moreover, agriculture nonpoint source pollution was the largest contributor to the excessive enrichment of TN and TP, resulting in water eutrophication. In addition, aquaculture was another major source of nutrients starting in 1999. Although the managers of Lake Qiandaohu implemented a protection-oriented fishery policy, good results cannot be easily achieved with a unilateral policy concerning environmental protection. Thus, comprehensive policies may be more effective than unilateral policies.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/4/1106Lake Qiandaohutotal nitrogentotal phosphoruseutrophicationspatiotemporal variationhuman activities |
| spellingShingle | Ligang Zhou Xiangdong Wang Xiaoming Zhang Yang Zhao Panpan Zhu Xiang Zhao Xiaole Li Spatiotemporal Variations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Large Man-Made Lake and Their Relationships with Human Activities Water Lake Qiandaohu total nitrogen total phosphorus eutrophication spatiotemporal variation human activities |
| title | Spatiotemporal Variations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Large Man-Made Lake and Their Relationships with Human Activities |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal Variations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Large Man-Made Lake and Their Relationships with Human Activities |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal Variations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Large Man-Made Lake and Their Relationships with Human Activities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal Variations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Large Man-Made Lake and Their Relationships with Human Activities |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal Variations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Large Man-Made Lake and Their Relationships with Human Activities |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal variations in nitrogen and phosphorus in a large man made lake and their relationships with human activities |
| topic | Lake Qiandaohu total nitrogen total phosphorus eutrophication spatiotemporal variation human activities |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/4/1106 |
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