Recovered Energy from Salinity Gradients Utilizing Various Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Hydrogels
Hydrogels can be utilized to extract energy from salinity gradients when river water mixes with seawater. Saline-sensitive hydrogels exhibit a reversible swelling/shrinking process when they are, alternately, exposed to fresh and saline water. We present a comparison of several poly(acrylic acid)-ba...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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Series: | Polymers |
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/4/645 |
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author | Tri Quang Bui Vinh Duy Cao Wei Wang Anna-Lena Kjøniksen |
author_facet | Tri Quang Bui Vinh Duy Cao Wei Wang Anna-Lena Kjøniksen |
author_sort | Tri Quang Bui |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Hydrogels can be utilized to extract energy from salinity gradients when river water mixes with seawater. Saline-sensitive hydrogels exhibit a reversible swelling/shrinking process when they are, alternately, exposed to fresh and saline water. We present a comparison of several poly(acrylic acid)-based hydrogels, including poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(acrylic acid-<i>co</i>-vinylsulfonic acid) (PAA/PVSA), and poly(4-styrenessulfonic acid-<i>co</i>-maleic acid) interpenetrated in a poly(acrylic acid) network (PAA/PSSA-MA). The hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization, copolymerization, and by semi-IPN (interpenetrating polymer network). The hydrogels were placed in a piston-like system to measure the recovered energy. Semi-IPN hydrogels exhibit a much higher recovered energy compared to the copolymer and PAA hydrogel. The recovered energy of 60 g swollen gel was up to 4 J for the PAA/PSSA-MA hydrogel. The obtained energy per gram dried gel was up to 13.3 J/g. The swelling volume of the hydrogels was maintained for 30 cycles without decline in recovered energy. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:38:12Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-27604828080d4878a1d05af843fdca34 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2073-4360 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:38:12Z |
publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
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series | Polymers |
spelling | doaj.art-27604828080d4878a1d05af843fdca342023-12-11T17:57:25ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-02-0113464510.3390/polym13040645Recovered Energy from Salinity Gradients Utilizing Various Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based HydrogelsTri Quang Bui0Vinh Duy Cao1Wei Wang2Anna-Lena Kjøniksen3Faculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, P.O. Box 700, 1757 Halden, NorwayFaculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, P.O. Box 700, 1757 Halden, NorwayDepartment of Chemistry & Center for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, NorwayFaculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, P.O. Box 700, 1757 Halden, NorwayHydrogels can be utilized to extract energy from salinity gradients when river water mixes with seawater. Saline-sensitive hydrogels exhibit a reversible swelling/shrinking process when they are, alternately, exposed to fresh and saline water. We present a comparison of several poly(acrylic acid)-based hydrogels, including poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(acrylic acid-<i>co</i>-vinylsulfonic acid) (PAA/PVSA), and poly(4-styrenessulfonic acid-<i>co</i>-maleic acid) interpenetrated in a poly(acrylic acid) network (PAA/PSSA-MA). The hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization, copolymerization, and by semi-IPN (interpenetrating polymer network). The hydrogels were placed in a piston-like system to measure the recovered energy. Semi-IPN hydrogels exhibit a much higher recovered energy compared to the copolymer and PAA hydrogel. The recovered energy of 60 g swollen gel was up to 4 J for the PAA/PSSA-MA hydrogel. The obtained energy per gram dried gel was up to 13.3 J/g. The swelling volume of the hydrogels was maintained for 30 cycles without decline in recovered energy.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/4/645hydrogelsalinity gradientpolyelectrolyterecovered energy |
spellingShingle | Tri Quang Bui Vinh Duy Cao Wei Wang Anna-Lena Kjøniksen Recovered Energy from Salinity Gradients Utilizing Various Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Hydrogels Polymers hydrogel salinity gradient polyelectrolyte recovered energy |
title | Recovered Energy from Salinity Gradients Utilizing Various Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Hydrogels |
title_full | Recovered Energy from Salinity Gradients Utilizing Various Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Hydrogels |
title_fullStr | Recovered Energy from Salinity Gradients Utilizing Various Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Hydrogels |
title_full_unstemmed | Recovered Energy from Salinity Gradients Utilizing Various Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Hydrogels |
title_short | Recovered Energy from Salinity Gradients Utilizing Various Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Hydrogels |
title_sort | recovered energy from salinity gradients utilizing various poly acrylic acid based hydrogels |
topic | hydrogel salinity gradient polyelectrolyte recovered energy |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/4/645 |
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