| Summary: | Introduction: human immunodeficiency virus infection has gradually increased worldwide in recent years and has become a public health problem, mainly for developing countries. Objective: to carry out a review of the most frequent alterations of the posterior segment in these patients with the aim of updating the existing knowledge on the subject. Methods: review of scientific articles in Google Academic and other mega search engines for systematic review using Trip Database and Cochrane. Results: retinopathy associated to human immunodeficiency virus (non-infectious) is the most frequent posterior segment alteration in these patients and cotton wool exudates its most representative clinical finding. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is the most common opportunistic eye infection in patients with very low CD4 T-cell counts; it is seen in up to 40% and is the most frequent cause of blindness in these patients. Conclusions: Toxoplasma chorioretinitis presents in an atypical way in these patients and has a close relationship with cerebral toxoplasmosis, so a complete neurological study should be performed. Sometimes, it is a diagnostic challenge for the Ophthalmology Specialist.
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