The Sensitivity of the Crayfish Reward System to Mammalian Drugs of Abuse
The idea that addiction occurs when the brain is not able to differentiate whether specific reward circuits were triggered by adaptive natural rewards or falsely activated by addictive drugs exist in several models of drug addiction. The suitability of crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) for drug addi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2017.01007/full |
| _version_ | 1811290766395310080 |
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| author | Adam T. Shipley Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel Vasiliki B. Orfanakos Leah N. Wormack Robert Huber Thomas I. Nathaniel |
| author_facet | Adam T. Shipley Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel Vasiliki B. Orfanakos Leah N. Wormack Robert Huber Thomas I. Nathaniel |
| author_sort | Adam T. Shipley |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The idea that addiction occurs when the brain is not able to differentiate whether specific reward circuits were triggered by adaptive natural rewards or falsely activated by addictive drugs exist in several models of drug addiction. The suitability of crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) for drug addiction research arises from developmental variation of growth, life span, reproduction, behavior and some quantitative traits, especially among isogenic mates reared in the same environment. This broad spectrum of traits makes it easier to analyze the effect of mammalian drugs of abuse in shaping behavioral phenotype. Moreover, the broad behavioral repertoire allows the investigation of self-reinforcing circuitries involving appetitive and exploratory motor behavior, while the step-wise alteration of the phenotype by metamorphosis allows accurate longitudinal analysis of different behavioral states. This paper reviews a series of recent experimental findings that evidence the suitability of crayfish as an invertebrate model system for the study of drug addiction. Results from these studies reveal that unconditioned exposure to mammalian drugs of abuse produces a variety of stereotyped behaviors. Moreover, if presented in the context of novelty, drugs directly stimulate exploration and appetitive motor patterns along with molecular processes for drug conditioned reward. Findings from these studies indicate the existence of drug sensitive circuitry in crayfish that facilitates exploratory behavior and appetitive motor patterns via increased incentive salience of environmental stimuli or by increasing exploratory motor patterns. This work demonstrates the potential of crayfish as a model system for research into the neural mechanisms of addiction, by contributing an evolutionary, comparative context to our understanding of natural reward as an important life-sustaining process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T04:18:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2760e19e8e0c46d1a86c8576b63ca48f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T04:18:22Z |
| publishDate | 2017-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-2760e19e8e0c46d1a86c8576b63ca48f2022-12-22T03:02:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2017-12-01810.3389/fphys.2017.01007314516The Sensitivity of the Crayfish Reward System to Mammalian Drugs of AbuseAdam T. Shipley0Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel1Vasiliki B. Orfanakos2Leah N. Wormack3Robert Huber4Thomas I. Nathaniel5Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, United StatesDepartment of Biology, North Greenville University, Tigerville, SC, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, United StatesJ.P Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, United StatesThe idea that addiction occurs when the brain is not able to differentiate whether specific reward circuits were triggered by adaptive natural rewards or falsely activated by addictive drugs exist in several models of drug addiction. The suitability of crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) for drug addiction research arises from developmental variation of growth, life span, reproduction, behavior and some quantitative traits, especially among isogenic mates reared in the same environment. This broad spectrum of traits makes it easier to analyze the effect of mammalian drugs of abuse in shaping behavioral phenotype. Moreover, the broad behavioral repertoire allows the investigation of self-reinforcing circuitries involving appetitive and exploratory motor behavior, while the step-wise alteration of the phenotype by metamorphosis allows accurate longitudinal analysis of different behavioral states. This paper reviews a series of recent experimental findings that evidence the suitability of crayfish as an invertebrate model system for the study of drug addiction. Results from these studies reveal that unconditioned exposure to mammalian drugs of abuse produces a variety of stereotyped behaviors. Moreover, if presented in the context of novelty, drugs directly stimulate exploration and appetitive motor patterns along with molecular processes for drug conditioned reward. Findings from these studies indicate the existence of drug sensitive circuitry in crayfish that facilitates exploratory behavior and appetitive motor patterns via increased incentive salience of environmental stimuli or by increasing exploratory motor patterns. This work demonstrates the potential of crayfish as a model system for research into the neural mechanisms of addiction, by contributing an evolutionary, comparative context to our understanding of natural reward as an important life-sustaining process.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2017.01007/fullamphetamineappetitive motor patternscrayfishdrugs of abuseexploratory behavior |
| spellingShingle | Adam T. Shipley Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel Vasiliki B. Orfanakos Leah N. Wormack Robert Huber Thomas I. Nathaniel The Sensitivity of the Crayfish Reward System to Mammalian Drugs of Abuse Frontiers in Physiology amphetamine appetitive motor patterns crayfish drugs of abuse exploratory behavior |
| title | The Sensitivity of the Crayfish Reward System to Mammalian Drugs of Abuse |
| title_full | The Sensitivity of the Crayfish Reward System to Mammalian Drugs of Abuse |
| title_fullStr | The Sensitivity of the Crayfish Reward System to Mammalian Drugs of Abuse |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Sensitivity of the Crayfish Reward System to Mammalian Drugs of Abuse |
| title_short | The Sensitivity of the Crayfish Reward System to Mammalian Drugs of Abuse |
| title_sort | sensitivity of the crayfish reward system to mammalian drugs of abuse |
| topic | amphetamine appetitive motor patterns crayfish drugs of abuse exploratory behavior |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2017.01007/full |
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