Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine
This study aimed to determine promethazine (PMZ) and its metabolites, promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) and monodesmethyl-promethazine (Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ), in swine muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. A sample preparation method and high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectromet...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-05-01
|
| Series: | Foods |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2180 |
| _version_ | 1797597529861259264 |
|---|---|
| author | Dehui Wen Rong Shi Haiming He Rundong Chen Yingzi Zhang Rong Liu Hong Chen |
| author_facet | Dehui Wen Rong Shi Haiming He Rundong Chen Yingzi Zhang Rong Liu Hong Chen |
| author_sort | Dehui Wen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to determine promethazine (PMZ) and its metabolites, promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) and monodesmethyl-promethazine (Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ), in swine muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. A sample preparation method and high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis were established and validated. The samples were extracted using 0.1% formic acid–acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane. After concentration by rotary evaporation, the extract was re-dissolved in a mixture of 0.1% formic acid-water and acetonitrile (80:20, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>). Analysis was performed using a Waters Symmetry C<sub>18</sub> column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with 0.1% formic acid–water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The target compounds were determined using positive ion scan and multiple reaction monitoring. PMZ and Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ were quantified with deuterated promethazine (PMZ-d6) as the internal standard, while PMZSO was quantified using the external standard method. In spiked muscle, liver, and kidney samples, the limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for PMZ and PMZSO were 0.05 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively, while for Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ, these values were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. For spiked fat samples, the LOD and LOQ for all three analytes were found to be 0.05 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively. The sensitivity of this proposed method reaches or exceeds that presented in previous reports. The analytes PMZ and PMZSO exhibited good linearity within the range of 0.1 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, while Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ showed good linearity within the range of 0.5 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99. The average recoveries of the target analytes in the samples varied from 77% to 111%, with the precision fluctuating between 1.8% and 11%. This study developed, for the first time, an HPLC–MS/MS method for the determination of PMZ, PMZSO, and Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ in four swine edible tissues, comprehensively covering the target tissues of monitoring object. The method is applicable for monitoring veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods, ensuring food safety. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:07:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-276846b625a04fad852577564171ac73 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:07:22Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-276846b625a04fad852577564171ac732023-11-18T07:51:20ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-05-011211218010.3390/foods12112180Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of SwineDehui Wen0Rong Shi1Haiming He2Rundong Chen3Yingzi Zhang4Rong Liu5Hong Chen6National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaNational Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaNational Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaNational Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaNational Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaQuality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaNational Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaThis study aimed to determine promethazine (PMZ) and its metabolites, promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) and monodesmethyl-promethazine (Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ), in swine muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. A sample preparation method and high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis were established and validated. The samples were extracted using 0.1% formic acid–acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane. After concentration by rotary evaporation, the extract was re-dissolved in a mixture of 0.1% formic acid-water and acetonitrile (80:20, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>). Analysis was performed using a Waters Symmetry C<sub>18</sub> column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with 0.1% formic acid–water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The target compounds were determined using positive ion scan and multiple reaction monitoring. PMZ and Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ were quantified with deuterated promethazine (PMZ-d6) as the internal standard, while PMZSO was quantified using the external standard method. In spiked muscle, liver, and kidney samples, the limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for PMZ and PMZSO were 0.05 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively, while for Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ, these values were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. For spiked fat samples, the LOD and LOQ for all three analytes were found to be 0.05 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively. The sensitivity of this proposed method reaches or exceeds that presented in previous reports. The analytes PMZ and PMZSO exhibited good linearity within the range of 0.1 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, while Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ showed good linearity within the range of 0.5 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99. The average recoveries of the target analytes in the samples varied from 77% to 111%, with the precision fluctuating between 1.8% and 11%. This study developed, for the first time, an HPLC–MS/MS method for the determination of PMZ, PMZSO, and Nor<sub>1</sub>PMZ in four swine edible tissues, comprehensively covering the target tissues of monitoring object. The method is applicable for monitoring veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods, ensuring food safety.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2180promethazinepromethazine sulfoxidemonodesmethyl-promethazineswine edible tissueshigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry |
| spellingShingle | Dehui Wen Rong Shi Haiming He Rundong Chen Yingzi Zhang Rong Liu Hong Chen Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine Foods promethazine promethazine sulfoxide monodesmethyl-promethazine swine edible tissues high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry |
| title | Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine |
| title_full | Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine |
| title_fullStr | Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine |
| title_short | Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine |
| title_sort | development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to determine promethazine and its metabolites in edible tissues of swine |
| topic | promethazine promethazine sulfoxide monodesmethyl-promethazine swine edible tissues high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2180 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dehuiwen developmentandvalidationofahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodtodeterminepromethazineanditsmetabolitesinedibletissuesofswine AT rongshi developmentandvalidationofahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodtodeterminepromethazineanditsmetabolitesinedibletissuesofswine AT haiminghe developmentandvalidationofahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodtodeterminepromethazineanditsmetabolitesinedibletissuesofswine AT rundongchen developmentandvalidationofahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodtodeterminepromethazineanditsmetabolitesinedibletissuesofswine AT yingzizhang developmentandvalidationofahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodtodeterminepromethazineanditsmetabolitesinedibletissuesofswine AT rongliu developmentandvalidationofahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodtodeterminepromethazineanditsmetabolitesinedibletissuesofswine AT hongchen developmentandvalidationofahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodtodeterminepromethazineanditsmetabolitesinedibletissuesofswine |