A Two-Year Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i> T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather
To investigate into the T-2 and HT-2 toxin occurrence, 240 samples of unprocessed cereals (maize, wheat, barley, and oats) were sampled from different fields located in three Croatian regions during 2017–2018. In all samples, sum concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxin were determined using the ELISA metho...
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/1/39 |
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| author | Maja Kiš Ana Vulić Nina Kudumija Bojan Šarkanj Vesna Jaki Tkalec Krunoslav Aladić Mario Škrivanko Sanja Furmeg Jelka Pleadin |
| author_facet | Maja Kiš Ana Vulić Nina Kudumija Bojan Šarkanj Vesna Jaki Tkalec Krunoslav Aladić Mario Škrivanko Sanja Furmeg Jelka Pleadin |
| author_sort | Maja Kiš |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To investigate into the T-2 and HT-2 toxin occurrence, 240 samples of unprocessed cereals (maize, wheat, barley, and oats) were sampled from different fields located in three Croatian regions during 2017–2018. In all samples, sum concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxin were determined using the ELISA method, while the LC-MS/MS was used as a confirmatory method for both mycotoxins in positive samples (>LOD) and the establishment of T-2 over HT-2 toxin ratios. The results showed oats to be the most contaminated cereal, with T-2/HT-2 toxins detected in 70.0% of samples, followed by barley (40.9%), maize (26.8%) and wheat (19.2%), with the mean T-2/HT-2 ratio ranging from 1:2.7 in maize to 1:4.4 in oats. Sum T-2/HT-2 concentrations in two maize samples were higher than the indicative level recommended by the European Commission, necessitating subsequent investigations into the conditions under which these poorly investigated mycotoxins are produced. Statistically significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxin were determined in oats throughout study regions as compared to those found in wheat, but not maize and barley, while the concentrations of these mycotoxins were related to the regional weather in Croatia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:44:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-278e41e2017e4142a9dcf3430356b703 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:44:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-278e41e2017e4142a9dcf3430356b7032023-12-03T12:22:02ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-01-011313910.3390/toxins13010039A Two-Year Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i> T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional WeatherMaja Kiš0Ana Vulić1Nina Kudumija2Bojan Šarkanj3Vesna Jaki Tkalec4Krunoslav Aladić5Mario Škrivanko6Sanja Furmeg7Jelka Pleadin8Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, CroatiaLaboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaLaboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 43000 Koprivnica, CroatiaRegional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, CroatiaRegional Veterinary Department Vinkovci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Ul. Josipa Kozarca 24, 32100 Vinkovci, CroatiaRegional Veterinary Department Vinkovci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Ul. Josipa Kozarca 24, 32100 Vinkovci, CroatiaRegional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, CroatiaLaboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaTo investigate into the T-2 and HT-2 toxin occurrence, 240 samples of unprocessed cereals (maize, wheat, barley, and oats) were sampled from different fields located in three Croatian regions during 2017–2018. In all samples, sum concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxin were determined using the ELISA method, while the LC-MS/MS was used as a confirmatory method for both mycotoxins in positive samples (>LOD) and the establishment of T-2 over HT-2 toxin ratios. The results showed oats to be the most contaminated cereal, with T-2/HT-2 toxins detected in 70.0% of samples, followed by barley (40.9%), maize (26.8%) and wheat (19.2%), with the mean T-2/HT-2 ratio ranging from 1:2.7 in maize to 1:4.4 in oats. Sum T-2/HT-2 concentrations in two maize samples were higher than the indicative level recommended by the European Commission, necessitating subsequent investigations into the conditions under which these poorly investigated mycotoxins are produced. Statistically significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxin were determined in oats throughout study regions as compared to those found in wheat, but not maize and barley, while the concentrations of these mycotoxins were related to the regional weather in Croatia.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/1/39<i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxinsT-2 toxinHT-2 toxinWeatherOccurrenceLC-MS/MS |
| spellingShingle | Maja Kiš Ana Vulić Nina Kudumija Bojan Šarkanj Vesna Jaki Tkalec Krunoslav Aladić Mario Škrivanko Sanja Furmeg Jelka Pleadin A Two-Year Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i> T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather Toxins <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins T-2 toxin HT-2 toxin Weather Occurrence LC-MS/MS |
| title | A Two-Year Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i> T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather |
| title_full | A Two-Year Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i> T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather |
| title_fullStr | A Two-Year Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i> T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Two-Year Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i> T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather |
| title_short | A Two-Year Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i> T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather |
| title_sort | two year occurrence of i fusarium i t 2 and ht 2 toxin in croatian cereals relative of the regional weather |
| topic | <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins T-2 toxin HT-2 toxin Weather Occurrence LC-MS/MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/1/39 |
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