Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.)
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is strongly associated with animal health and wellbeing. To identify possible problems of the indoor environment of macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.), we assessed the IAQ. The temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and concentrations of inhalable dust (mg/m<sup&g...
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/14/1750 |
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| author | Annemiek Maaskant Isabel Janssen Inge M. Wouters Frank J. C. M. van Eerdenburg Edmond J. Remarque Jan A. M. Langermans Jaco Bakker |
| author_facet | Annemiek Maaskant Isabel Janssen Inge M. Wouters Frank J. C. M. van Eerdenburg Edmond J. Remarque Jan A. M. Langermans Jaco Bakker |
| author_sort | Annemiek Maaskant |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is strongly associated with animal health and wellbeing. To identify possible problems of the indoor environment of macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.), we assessed the IAQ. The temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and concentrations of inhalable dust (mg/m<sup>3</sup>), endotoxins (EU/m<sup>3</sup>), ammonia (ppm) and fungal aerosols were measured at stationary fixed locations in indoor enclosures of group-housed rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and cynomolgus macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>). In addition, the personal exposure of caretakers to inhalable dust and endotoxins was measured and evaluated. Furthermore, the air circulation was assessed with non-toxic smoke, and the number of times the macaques sneezed was recorded. The indoor temperature and relative humidity for both species were within comfortable ranges. The geometric mean (GM) ammonia, dust and endotoxin concentrations were 1.84 and 0.58 ppm, 0.07 and 0.07 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, and 24.8 and 6.44 EU/m<sup>3</sup> in the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque units, respectively. The GM dust concentrations were significantly higher during the daytime than during the nighttime. Airborne fungi ranged between 425 and 1877 CFU/m<sup>3</sup>. Personal measurements on the caretakers showed GM dust and endotoxin concentrations of 4.2 mg/m<sup>3</sup> and 439.0 EU/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. The number of sneezes and the IAQ parameters were not correlated. The smoke test revealed a suboptimal air flow pattern. Although the dust, endotoxins and ammonia were revealed to be within accepted human threshold limit values (TLV), caretakers were exposed to dust and endotoxin levels exceeding existing occupational reference values. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:23:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-278f997604c74d8b81f5b6d15e5db68a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:23:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-278f997604c74d8b81f5b6d15e5db68a2023-12-01T21:48:12ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152022-07-011214175010.3390/ani12141750Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.)Annemiek Maaskant0Isabel Janssen1Inge M. Wouters2Frank J. C. M. van Eerdenburg3Edmond J. Remarque4Jan A. M. Langermans5Jaco Bakker6Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsDepartment Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The NetherlandsVirology Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsAnimal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsAnimal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsIndoor Air Quality (IAQ) is strongly associated with animal health and wellbeing. To identify possible problems of the indoor environment of macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.), we assessed the IAQ. The temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and concentrations of inhalable dust (mg/m<sup>3</sup>), endotoxins (EU/m<sup>3</sup>), ammonia (ppm) and fungal aerosols were measured at stationary fixed locations in indoor enclosures of group-housed rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and cynomolgus macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>). In addition, the personal exposure of caretakers to inhalable dust and endotoxins was measured and evaluated. Furthermore, the air circulation was assessed with non-toxic smoke, and the number of times the macaques sneezed was recorded. The indoor temperature and relative humidity for both species were within comfortable ranges. The geometric mean (GM) ammonia, dust and endotoxin concentrations were 1.84 and 0.58 ppm, 0.07 and 0.07 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, and 24.8 and 6.44 EU/m<sup>3</sup> in the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque units, respectively. The GM dust concentrations were significantly higher during the daytime than during the nighttime. Airborne fungi ranged between 425 and 1877 CFU/m<sup>3</sup>. Personal measurements on the caretakers showed GM dust and endotoxin concentrations of 4.2 mg/m<sup>3</sup> and 439.0 EU/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. The number of sneezes and the IAQ parameters were not correlated. The smoke test revealed a suboptimal air flow pattern. Although the dust, endotoxins and ammonia were revealed to be within accepted human threshold limit values (TLV), caretakers were exposed to dust and endotoxin levels exceeding existing occupational reference values.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/14/1750non-human primatedustammoniaendotoxinhumidityventilation rate |
| spellingShingle | Annemiek Maaskant Isabel Janssen Inge M. Wouters Frank J. C. M. van Eerdenburg Edmond J. Remarque Jan A. M. Langermans Jaco Bakker Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.) Animals non-human primate dust ammonia endotoxin humidity ventilation rate |
| title | Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.) |
| title_full | Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.) |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.) |
| title_short | Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (<i>Macaca</i> spp.) |
| title_sort | assessment of indoor air quality for group housed macaques i macaca i spp |
| topic | non-human primate dust ammonia endotoxin humidity ventilation rate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/14/1750 |
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