Direct Amide Synthesis over Composite Magnetic Catalysts in a Continuous Flow Reactor
Composite magnetic catalysts containing different amounts of sulfated titania (33–50 wt %) have been prepared by means of high energy ball-milling between TiO<sub>2</sub> and NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. The catalysts have been characterized with N<sub>2&l...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/2/146 |
| _version_ | 1797409520679387136 |
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| author | Yawen Liu Evgeny V. Rebrov |
| author_facet | Yawen Liu Evgeny V. Rebrov |
| author_sort | Yawen Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Composite magnetic catalysts containing different amounts of sulfated titania (33–50 wt %) have been prepared by means of high energy ball-milling between TiO<sub>2</sub> and NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. The catalysts have been characterized with N<sub>2</sub> adsorption/desorption isotherms, XRD, temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The catalytic activity was measured in the reaction of aniline and 4-phenylbutyric acid in the continuous mode under conventional and inductive heating. The effect of catalyst loading in the reactor on reaction and deactivation has been studied, indicating the catalyst containing 50 wt % titania gave the highest reaction rate and least deactivation. The operation in a flow reactor under inductive heating increased the amide yield by 25% as compared to conventional heating. The initial reaction rate decreased by 30% after a period of 15 h on stream. The catalyst activity was fully restored after a treatment with an air flow at 400 °C. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:16:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-279a036bcf1740daab08eb27168386a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:16:16Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-279a036bcf1740daab08eb27168386a62023-12-03T13:53:03ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442021-01-0111214610.3390/catal11020146Direct Amide Synthesis over Composite Magnetic Catalysts in a Continuous Flow ReactorYawen Liu0Evgeny V. Rebrov1School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UKSchool of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UKComposite magnetic catalysts containing different amounts of sulfated titania (33–50 wt %) have been prepared by means of high energy ball-milling between TiO<sub>2</sub> and NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. The catalysts have been characterized with N<sub>2</sub> adsorption/desorption isotherms, XRD, temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The catalytic activity was measured in the reaction of aniline and 4-phenylbutyric acid in the continuous mode under conventional and inductive heating. The effect of catalyst loading in the reactor on reaction and deactivation has been studied, indicating the catalyst containing 50 wt % titania gave the highest reaction rate and least deactivation. The operation in a flow reactor under inductive heating increased the amide yield by 25% as compared to conventional heating. The initial reaction rate decreased by 30% after a period of 15 h on stream. The catalyst activity was fully restored after a treatment with an air flow at 400 °C.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/2/146sulfated titaniacomposite magnetic catalystsinductive heatingdirect amide synthesis |
| spellingShingle | Yawen Liu Evgeny V. Rebrov Direct Amide Synthesis over Composite Magnetic Catalysts in a Continuous Flow Reactor Catalysts sulfated titania composite magnetic catalysts inductive heating direct amide synthesis |
| title | Direct Amide Synthesis over Composite Magnetic Catalysts in a Continuous Flow Reactor |
| title_full | Direct Amide Synthesis over Composite Magnetic Catalysts in a Continuous Flow Reactor |
| title_fullStr | Direct Amide Synthesis over Composite Magnetic Catalysts in a Continuous Flow Reactor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Direct Amide Synthesis over Composite Magnetic Catalysts in a Continuous Flow Reactor |
| title_short | Direct Amide Synthesis over Composite Magnetic Catalysts in a Continuous Flow Reactor |
| title_sort | direct amide synthesis over composite magnetic catalysts in a continuous flow reactor |
| topic | sulfated titania composite magnetic catalysts inductive heating direct amide synthesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/2/146 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yawenliu directamidesynthesisovercompositemagneticcatalystsinacontinuousflowreactor AT evgenyvrebrov directamidesynthesisovercompositemagneticcatalystsinacontinuousflowreactor |