Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia
The atmospheric boundary layer height (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) is a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4561 |
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| author | Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior Rayonil Gomes Carneiro Gilberto Fisch Flávio Augusto F. D’Oliveira Matthias Sörgel Santiago Botía Luiz Augusto T. Machado Stefan Wolff Rosa Maria N. dos Santos Christopher Pöhlker |
| author_facet | Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior Rayonil Gomes Carneiro Gilberto Fisch Flávio Augusto F. D’Oliveira Matthias Sörgel Santiago Botía Luiz Augusto T. Machado Stefan Wolff Rosa Maria N. dos Santos Christopher Pöhlker |
| author_sort | Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The atmospheric boundary layer height (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) is a key parameter in the vertical transport of mass, energy, moisture, and chemical species between the surface and the free atmosphere. There is a lack of long-term and continuous observations of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, however, particularly for remote regions, such as the Amazon forest. Reanalysis products, such as ERA5, can fill this gap by providing temporally and spatially resolved information on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. In this work, we evaluate the ERA5 estimates of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5) for two locations in the Amazon and corrected them by means of ceilometer, radiosondes, and SODAR measurements (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-experimental). The experimental data were obtained at the remote Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) with its pristine tropical forest cover and the T3 site downwind of the city of Manaus with a mixture of forest (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>63</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), pasture (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>17</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and rivers (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>20</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). We focus on the rather typical year 2014 and the El Niño year 2015. The comparison of the experimental vs. ERA5 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> data yielded the following results: (i) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5 underestimates <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-experimental daytime at the T3 site for both years 2014 (30%, underestimate) and 2015 (15%, underestimate); (ii) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5 overestimates <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-experimental daytime at ATTO site (12%, overestimate); (iii) during nighttime, no significant correlation between the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-experimental and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5 was observed. Based on these findings, we propose a correction for the daytime <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5, for both sites and for both years, which yields a better agreement between experimental and ERA5 data. These results and corrections are relevant for studies at ATTO and the T3 site and can likely also be applied at further locations in the Amazon. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:38:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-27a276ad353d4969aa959746840f1095 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:38:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-27a276ad353d4969aa959746840f10952023-11-23T18:44:43ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-09-011418456110.3390/rs14184561Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central AmazoniaCléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior0Rayonil Gomes Carneiro1Gilberto Fisch2Flávio Augusto F. D’Oliveira3Matthias Sörgel4Santiago Botía5Luiz Augusto T. Machado6Stefan Wolff7Rosa Maria N. dos Santos8Christopher Pöhlker9Department of Physics, Federal Institute of Pará (IFPA), Av. Almirante Barroso, Belém 66093-020, PA, BrazilNational Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilAgricultural Science Division, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Estrada Municipal José Luís Cembraneli, Taubaté 12080-000, SP, BrazilEnvironmental Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará (PPGCA-UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa, Belém 66075-110, PA, BrazilAtmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, GermanyMultiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, GermanyMultiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, GermanySchool of Technology, Meteorology, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Av. Darcy Vargas, Manaus 69050-020, AM, BrazilMultiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, GermanyThe atmospheric boundary layer height (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) is a key parameter in the vertical transport of mass, energy, moisture, and chemical species between the surface and the free atmosphere. There is a lack of long-term and continuous observations of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, however, particularly for remote regions, such as the Amazon forest. Reanalysis products, such as ERA5, can fill this gap by providing temporally and spatially resolved information on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. In this work, we evaluate the ERA5 estimates of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5) for two locations in the Amazon and corrected them by means of ceilometer, radiosondes, and SODAR measurements (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-experimental). The experimental data were obtained at the remote Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) with its pristine tropical forest cover and the T3 site downwind of the city of Manaus with a mixture of forest (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>63</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), pasture (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>17</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and rivers (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>20</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). We focus on the rather typical year 2014 and the El Niño year 2015. The comparison of the experimental vs. ERA5 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> data yielded the following results: (i) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5 underestimates <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-experimental daytime at the T3 site for both years 2014 (30%, underestimate) and 2015 (15%, underestimate); (ii) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5 overestimates <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-experimental daytime at ATTO site (12%, overestimate); (iii) during nighttime, no significant correlation between the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-experimental and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5 was observed. Based on these findings, we propose a correction for the daytime <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-ERA5, for both sites and for both years, which yields a better agreement between experimental and ERA5 data. These results and corrections are relevant for studies at ATTO and the T3 site and can likely also be applied at further locations in the Amazon.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4561Amazon forestEl Niñoatmospheric boundary layerERA5 simulationsGoAmazon and ATTO projects |
| spellingShingle | Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior Rayonil Gomes Carneiro Gilberto Fisch Flávio Augusto F. D’Oliveira Matthias Sörgel Santiago Botía Luiz Augusto T. Machado Stefan Wolff Rosa Maria N. dos Santos Christopher Pöhlker Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia Remote Sensing Amazon forest El Niño atmospheric boundary layer ERA5 simulations GoAmazon and ATTO projects |
| title | Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia |
| title_full | Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia |
| title_fullStr | Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia |
| title_short | Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia |
| title_sort | intercomparison of planetary boundary layer heights using remote sensing retrievals and era5 reanalysis over central amazonia |
| topic | Amazon forest El Niño atmospheric boundary layer ERA5 simulations GoAmazon and ATTO projects |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4561 |
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