Biological Activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
Several studies have explored the biological activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> flowers, fruits, and seeds, but the bioactivity of <i>C. aurantium</i> leaves, which are treated as waste, remains unclear. Thus, this study developed a pilot-scale ultrasonic-assisted extracti...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/21/7251 |
| _version_ | 1797631548130852864 |
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| author | Guey-Horng Wang Chun-Ta Huang Hsiu-Ju Huang Chi-Hsiang Tang Ying-Chien Chung |
| author_facet | Guey-Horng Wang Chun-Ta Huang Hsiu-Ju Huang Chi-Hsiang Tang Ying-Chien Chung |
| author_sort | Guey-Horng Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Several studies have explored the biological activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> flowers, fruits, and seeds, but the bioactivity of <i>C. aurantium</i> leaves, which are treated as waste, remains unclear. Thus, this study developed a pilot-scale ultrasonic-assisted extraction process using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) for the optimized extraction of active compounds from <i>C. aurantium</i> leaves, and their antityrosinase, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Under optimal conditions in a 150× scaleup configuration (a 30 L ultrasonic machine) of a pilot plant, the total phenolic content was 69.09 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, which was slightly lower (3.17%) than the theoretical value. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of <i>C. aurantium</i> leaf extract (CALE) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl–scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)–scavenging, antityrosinase, anticollagenase, antielastase and anti-matrix metalloprotein-1 activities were 123.5, 58.5, 181.3, 196.4, 216.3, and 326.4 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for bacteria and fungi were 150–350 and 500 mg/L, respectively. In total, 17 active compounds were detected in CALE—with linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, and α-terpineol having the highest concentrations. Finally, the overall transdermal absorption and permeation efficiency of CALE was 95.9%. In conclusion, our CALE demonstrated potential whitening, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities; it was also nontoxic and easily absorbed into the skin as well as inexpensive to produce. Therefore, it has potential applications in various industries. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:25:05Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:25:05Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-27b6efe0d7394f8f84474d7530d8845e2023-11-10T15:08:22ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-10-012821725110.3390/molecules28217251Biological Activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted ExtractionGuey-Horng Wang0Chun-Ta Huang1Hsiu-Ju Huang2Chi-Hsiang Tang3Ying-Chien Chung4Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals Engineering, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361008, ChinaDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, TaiwanDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, TaiwanDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, TaiwanDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, TaiwanSeveral studies have explored the biological activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> flowers, fruits, and seeds, but the bioactivity of <i>C. aurantium</i> leaves, which are treated as waste, remains unclear. Thus, this study developed a pilot-scale ultrasonic-assisted extraction process using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) for the optimized extraction of active compounds from <i>C. aurantium</i> leaves, and their antityrosinase, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Under optimal conditions in a 150× scaleup configuration (a 30 L ultrasonic machine) of a pilot plant, the total phenolic content was 69.09 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, which was slightly lower (3.17%) than the theoretical value. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of <i>C. aurantium</i> leaf extract (CALE) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl–scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)–scavenging, antityrosinase, anticollagenase, antielastase and anti-matrix metalloprotein-1 activities were 123.5, 58.5, 181.3, 196.4, 216.3, and 326.4 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for bacteria and fungi were 150–350 and 500 mg/L, respectively. In total, 17 active compounds were detected in CALE—with linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, and α-terpineol having the highest concentrations. Finally, the overall transdermal absorption and permeation efficiency of CALE was 95.9%. In conclusion, our CALE demonstrated potential whitening, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities; it was also nontoxic and easily absorbed into the skin as well as inexpensive to produce. Therefore, it has potential applications in various industries.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/21/7251<i>Citrus aurantium</i>resource recoverytotal phenolsultrasound-assisted extraction |
| spellingShingle | Guey-Horng Wang Chun-Ta Huang Hsiu-Ju Huang Chi-Hsiang Tang Ying-Chien Chung Biological Activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Molecules <i>Citrus aurantium</i> resource recovery total phenols ultrasound-assisted extraction |
| title | Biological Activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_full | Biological Activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_fullStr | Biological Activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biological Activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_short | Biological Activities of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_sort | biological activities of i citrus aurantium i leaf extract by optimized ultrasound assisted extraction |
| topic | <i>Citrus aurantium</i> resource recovery total phenols ultrasound-assisted extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/21/7251 |
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