Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest city
Abstract The escalating concern over the presence and health implications of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water has underscored the need for rigorous risk assessments. Our study aimed to quantify both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to sel...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Applied Water Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-02041-x |
| _version_ | 1827590401188429824 |
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| author | Amin Mohammadpour Saeed Rajabi Michelle Bell Mohammad Ali Baghapour Aynura Aliyeva Amin Mousavi Khaneghah |
| author_facet | Amin Mohammadpour Saeed Rajabi Michelle Bell Mohammad Ali Baghapour Aynura Aliyeva Amin Mousavi Khaneghah |
| author_sort | Amin Mohammadpour |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The escalating concern over the presence and health implications of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water has underscored the need for rigorous risk assessments. Our study aimed to quantify both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to selected PTEs—namely arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd). Also, we evaluated ingestion and skin contact exposures to risks during summer and winter using metrics such as the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR) for children, adult males, and adult females. For all demographic groups and exposure pathways, the HQ values remain below the established safety threshold (HQ < 1). Notably, As consistently had the highest average HI value across children, male adults, and female adults. Seasonal variations were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for As and Cr, but not Cd. During the summer, the average total carcinogenic risks (TCR) from drinking water exposure were 7.61 × 10–6, 8.94 × 10–6, and 1.12 × 10–5 for children, male adults, and female adults, respectively. In the winter, these values were 1.18 × 10–5, 1.40 × 10–5, and 1.75 × 10–5, respectively. The fuzzy C-means clustering analysis provided insights into our dataset's Cr, Cd, and As distribution patterns. Results indicate that As, Cr, and Cd mean concentrations were below the World Health Organization health-based guidelines. The CR values for children and adults from drinking water exposure were slightly above or below the US Environmental Protection Agency’s standards. These findings can inform research and policy-making regarding the risk of PTEs in drinking water and highlight the need to monitor Shiraz water regularly. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:16:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-27c51d943c114588b0b38274d01334b3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2190-5487 2190-5495 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:16:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Water Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-27c51d943c114588b0b38274d01334b32023-12-10T12:27:52ZengSpringerOpenApplied Water Science2190-54872190-54952023-11-01131211710.1007/s13201-023-02041-xSeasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest cityAmin Mohammadpour0Saeed Rajabi1Michelle Bell2Mohammad Ali Baghapour3Aynura Aliyeva4Amin Mousavi Khaneghah5Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesSchool of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale UniversityDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry UniversityDepartment of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research InstituteAbstract The escalating concern over the presence and health implications of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water has underscored the need for rigorous risk assessments. Our study aimed to quantify both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to selected PTEs—namely arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd). Also, we evaluated ingestion and skin contact exposures to risks during summer and winter using metrics such as the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR) for children, adult males, and adult females. For all demographic groups and exposure pathways, the HQ values remain below the established safety threshold (HQ < 1). Notably, As consistently had the highest average HI value across children, male adults, and female adults. Seasonal variations were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for As and Cr, but not Cd. During the summer, the average total carcinogenic risks (TCR) from drinking water exposure were 7.61 × 10–6, 8.94 × 10–6, and 1.12 × 10–5 for children, male adults, and female adults, respectively. In the winter, these values were 1.18 × 10–5, 1.40 × 10–5, and 1.75 × 10–5, respectively. The fuzzy C-means clustering analysis provided insights into our dataset's Cr, Cd, and As distribution patterns. Results indicate that As, Cr, and Cd mean concentrations were below the World Health Organization health-based guidelines. The CR values for children and adults from drinking water exposure were slightly above or below the US Environmental Protection Agency’s standards. These findings can inform research and policy-making regarding the risk of PTEs in drinking water and highlight the need to monitor Shiraz water regularly.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-02041-xArsenicHealth risk assessmentSobol sensitivity analysisFuzzy C-Means clustering, Water quality |
| spellingShingle | Amin Mohammadpour Saeed Rajabi Michelle Bell Mohammad Ali Baghapour Aynura Aliyeva Amin Mousavi Khaneghah Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest city Applied Water Science Arsenic Health risk assessment Sobol sensitivity analysis Fuzzy C-Means clustering, Water quality |
| title | Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest city |
| title_full | Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest city |
| title_fullStr | Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest city |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest city |
| title_short | Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest city |
| title_sort | seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements ptes in drinking water and health risk assessment via monte carlo simulation and sobol sensitivity analysis in southern iran s largest city |
| topic | Arsenic Health risk assessment Sobol sensitivity analysis Fuzzy C-Means clustering, Water quality |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-02041-x |
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