Sea Anemone Toxins: A Structural Overview
Sea anemones produce venoms of exceptional molecular diversity, with at least 17 different molecular scaffolds reported to date. These venom components have traditionally been classified according to pharmacological activity and amino acid sequence. However, this classification system suffers from v...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-06-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/6/325 |
| _version_ | 1797999248705323008 |
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| author | Bruno Madio Glenn F. King Eivind A. B. Undheim |
| author_facet | Bruno Madio Glenn F. King Eivind A. B. Undheim |
| author_sort | Bruno Madio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sea anemones produce venoms of exceptional molecular diversity, with at least 17 different molecular scaffolds reported to date. These venom components have traditionally been classified according to pharmacological activity and amino acid sequence. However, this classification system suffers from vulnerabilities due to functional convergence and functional promiscuity. Furthermore, for most known sea anemone toxins, the exact receptors they target are either unknown, or at best incomplete. In this review, we first provide an overview of the sea anemone venom system and then focus on the venom components. We have organised the venom components by distinguishing firstly between proteins and non-proteinaceous compounds, secondly between enzymes and other proteins without enzymatic activity, then according to the structural scaffold, and finally according to molecular target. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:01:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-27e4a0f71dbd427bbc84fb1aa9f17eab |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:01:40Z |
| publishDate | 2019-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-27e4a0f71dbd427bbc84fb1aa9f17eab2022-12-22T04:28:31ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972019-06-0117632510.3390/md17060325md17060325Sea Anemone Toxins: A Structural OverviewBruno Madio0Glenn F. King1Eivind A. B. Undheim2Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaCentre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSea anemones produce venoms of exceptional molecular diversity, with at least 17 different molecular scaffolds reported to date. These venom components have traditionally been classified according to pharmacological activity and amino acid sequence. However, this classification system suffers from vulnerabilities due to functional convergence and functional promiscuity. Furthermore, for most known sea anemone toxins, the exact receptors they target are either unknown, or at best incomplete. In this review, we first provide an overview of the sea anemone venom system and then focus on the venom components. We have organised the venom components by distinguishing firstly between proteins and non-proteinaceous compounds, secondly between enzymes and other proteins without enzymatic activity, then according to the structural scaffold, and finally according to molecular target.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/6/325sea anemonevenomtoxinmolecular scaffoldneurotoxincytotoxinenzyme |
| spellingShingle | Bruno Madio Glenn F. King Eivind A. B. Undheim Sea Anemone Toxins: A Structural Overview Marine Drugs sea anemone venom toxin molecular scaffold neurotoxin cytotoxin enzyme |
| title | Sea Anemone Toxins: A Structural Overview |
| title_full | Sea Anemone Toxins: A Structural Overview |
| title_fullStr | Sea Anemone Toxins: A Structural Overview |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sea Anemone Toxins: A Structural Overview |
| title_short | Sea Anemone Toxins: A Structural Overview |
| title_sort | sea anemone toxins a structural overview |
| topic | sea anemone venom toxin molecular scaffold neurotoxin cytotoxin enzyme |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/6/325 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brunomadio seaanemonetoxinsastructuraloverview AT glennfking seaanemonetoxinsastructuraloverview AT eivindabundheim seaanemonetoxinsastructuraloverview |