Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their toxins are a significant and continuing threat to aquatic life in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal water ecosystems. Scientific understanding of the impacts of HABs on aquatic ecosystems has been hampered, in part, by limitations in the methodologies to measur...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-03-01
|
| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/213 |
| _version_ | 1797441336224251904 |
|---|---|
| author | Devi Sundaravadivelu Toby T. Sanan Raghuraman Venkatapathy Heath Mash Dan Tettenhorst Lesley DAnglada Sharon Frey Avery O. Tatters James Lazorchak |
| author_facet | Devi Sundaravadivelu Toby T. Sanan Raghuraman Venkatapathy Heath Mash Dan Tettenhorst Lesley DAnglada Sharon Frey Avery O. Tatters James Lazorchak |
| author_sort | Devi Sundaravadivelu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their toxins are a significant and continuing threat to aquatic life in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal water ecosystems. Scientific understanding of the impacts of HABs on aquatic ecosystems has been hampered, in part, by limitations in the methodologies to measure cyanotoxins in complex matrices. This literature review discusses the methodologies currently used to measure the most commonly found freshwater cyanotoxins and prymnesins in various matrices and to assess their advantages and limitations. Identifying and quantifying cyanotoxins in surface waters, fish tissue, organs, and other matrices are crucial for risk assessment and for ensuring quality of food and water for consumption and recreational uses. This paper also summarizes currently available tissue extraction, preparation, and detection methods mentioned in previous studies that have quantified toxins in complex matrices. The structural diversity and complexity of many cyanobacterial and algal metabolites further impede accurate quantitation and structural confirmation for various cyanotoxins. Liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of toxin analysis has become an essential tool for cyanotoxin detection and can potentially be used for the concurrent analysis of multiple toxins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:21:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-27ee609e8cd24f62901ff2b3b48677c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:21:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-27ee609e8cd24f62901ff2b3b48677c42023-11-30T22:39:38ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-03-0114321310.3390/toxins14030213Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A ReviewDevi Sundaravadivelu0Toby T. Sanan1Raghuraman Venkatapathy2Heath Mash3Dan Tettenhorst4Lesley DAnglada5Sharon Frey6Avery O. Tatters7James Lazorchak8Pegasus Inc., U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAOffice of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAPegasus Inc., U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAOffice of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAOffice of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAOffice of Water, Science and Technology, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20004, USAOffice of Water, Science and Technology, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20004, USACenter for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USACenter for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAHarmful algal blooms (HABs) and their toxins are a significant and continuing threat to aquatic life in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal water ecosystems. Scientific understanding of the impacts of HABs on aquatic ecosystems has been hampered, in part, by limitations in the methodologies to measure cyanotoxins in complex matrices. This literature review discusses the methodologies currently used to measure the most commonly found freshwater cyanotoxins and prymnesins in various matrices and to assess their advantages and limitations. Identifying and quantifying cyanotoxins in surface waters, fish tissue, organs, and other matrices are crucial for risk assessment and for ensuring quality of food and water for consumption and recreational uses. This paper also summarizes currently available tissue extraction, preparation, and detection methods mentioned in previous studies that have quantified toxins in complex matrices. The structural diversity and complexity of many cyanobacterial and algal metabolites further impede accurate quantitation and structural confirmation for various cyanotoxins. Liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of toxin analysis has become an essential tool for cyanotoxin detection and can potentially be used for the concurrent analysis of multiple toxins.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/213harmful algal bloomscyanotoxinscyanobacteriafish tissueshellfishdetection methods |
| spellingShingle | Devi Sundaravadivelu Toby T. Sanan Raghuraman Venkatapathy Heath Mash Dan Tettenhorst Lesley DAnglada Sharon Frey Avery O. Tatters James Lazorchak Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review Toxins harmful algal blooms cyanotoxins cyanobacteria fish tissue shellfish detection methods |
| title | Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review |
| title_full | Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review |
| title_short | Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review |
| title_sort | determination of cyanotoxins and prymnesins in water fish tissue and other matrices a review |
| topic | harmful algal blooms cyanotoxins cyanobacteria fish tissue shellfish detection methods |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/213 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT devisundaravadivelu determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview AT tobytsanan determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview AT raghuramanvenkatapathy determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview AT heathmash determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview AT dantettenhorst determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview AT lesleydanglada determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview AT sharonfrey determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview AT averyotatters determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview AT jameslazorchak determinationofcyanotoxinsandprymnesinsinwaterfishtissueandothermatricesareview |