Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have attracted attention due to their low cost, easy solution processability, high efficiency, and scalability. However, the benchmark expensive hole transport material (HTM) 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-MeOTAD), which is...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/9/3643 |
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| author | Suresh K. Podapangi Laura Mancini Jie Xu Sathy Harshavardhan Reddy Aldo Di Carlo Thomas M. Brown Gloria Zanotti |
| author_facet | Suresh K. Podapangi Laura Mancini Jie Xu Sathy Harshavardhan Reddy Aldo Di Carlo Thomas M. Brown Gloria Zanotti |
| author_sort | Suresh K. Podapangi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have attracted attention due to their low cost, easy solution processability, high efficiency, and scalability. However, the benchmark expensive hole transport material (HTM) 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-MeOTAD), which is traditionally solution-processed with toxic solvents such as chlorobenzene (CB), dichlorobenzene (DCB), or toluene, is a bottleneck. To address this issue, this work investigates the implementation of Zn(II), Cu(II), or Co(II) tetra-<i>tert</i>-butylphthalocyanines (TBU4-Cu, TBU4-Zn, TBU4-Co), established macrocyclic derivatives whose synthesis and processing inside the devices have been redesigned to be more environmentally sustainable and cost-effective by substituting conventional solvents with greener alternatives such as anisole, propane-1,2-diol, and their mixture, as dopant-free HTMs in planar n-i-p PSCs. The anisole-processed HTMs provided power conversion efficiencies (PCE) up to 12.27% for TBU4-Cu and 11.73% for TBU4-Zn, with better photovoltaic parameters than the corresponding cells made with chlorobenzene for which the best results obtained were, respectively, 12.22% and 10.81%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:19:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-280ec581983547bbafe54f0302eeff48 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:19:54Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-280ec581983547bbafe54f0302eeff482023-11-17T22:49:47ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-04-01169364310.3390/en16093643Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar CellsSuresh K. Podapangi0Laura Mancini1Jie Xu2Sathy Harshavardhan Reddy3Aldo Di Carlo4Thomas M. Brown5Gloria Zanotti6C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, ItalyC.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyC.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyC.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyC.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, ItalyPerovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have attracted attention due to their low cost, easy solution processability, high efficiency, and scalability. However, the benchmark expensive hole transport material (HTM) 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-MeOTAD), which is traditionally solution-processed with toxic solvents such as chlorobenzene (CB), dichlorobenzene (DCB), or toluene, is a bottleneck. To address this issue, this work investigates the implementation of Zn(II), Cu(II), or Co(II) tetra-<i>tert</i>-butylphthalocyanines (TBU4-Cu, TBU4-Zn, TBU4-Co), established macrocyclic derivatives whose synthesis and processing inside the devices have been redesigned to be more environmentally sustainable and cost-effective by substituting conventional solvents with greener alternatives such as anisole, propane-1,2-diol, and their mixture, as dopant-free HTMs in planar n-i-p PSCs. The anisole-processed HTMs provided power conversion efficiencies (PCE) up to 12.27% for TBU4-Cu and 11.73% for TBU4-Zn, with better photovoltaic parameters than the corresponding cells made with chlorobenzene for which the best results obtained were, respectively, 12.22% and 10.81%.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/9/3643hybrid perovskitesanisolepropylene glycolgreen synthesisporphyrinoids |
| spellingShingle | Suresh K. Podapangi Laura Mancini Jie Xu Sathy Harshavardhan Reddy Aldo Di Carlo Thomas M. Brown Gloria Zanotti Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells Energies hybrid perovskites anisole propylene glycol green synthesis porphyrinoids |
| title | Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells |
| title_full | Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells |
| title_fullStr | Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells |
| title_short | Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells |
| title_sort | green anisole solvent based synthesis and deposition of phthalocyanine dopant free hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells |
| topic | hybrid perovskites anisole propylene glycol green synthesis porphyrinoids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/9/3643 |
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