Toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from Ricinus communis against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae
Abstract Background The African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s., is known to feed selectively on certain plants for sugar sources. However, the adaptive significance of this behaviour especially on how the extracts of such plants impact on the fitness of this vector has not been explored. Thi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2014-07-01
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| Series: | Parasites & Vectors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-312 |
| _version_ | 1797811667494502400 |
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| author | Sabina Wangui Wachira Sabar Omar Julia Wanjiru Jacob Martin Wahome Hans T Alborn David R Spring Daniel K Masiga Baldwyn Torto |
| author_facet | Sabina Wangui Wachira Sabar Omar Julia Wanjiru Jacob Martin Wahome Hans T Alborn David R Spring Daniel K Masiga Baldwyn Torto |
| author_sort | Sabina Wangui Wachira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s., is known to feed selectively on certain plants for sugar sources. However, the adaptive significance of this behaviour especially on how the extracts of such plants impact on the fitness of this vector has not been explored. This study determined the toxicity and larvicidal activity on this vector of extracts from six selected plants found in Kenya and two compounds identified from Ricinus communis: 3-carbonitrile-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone (ricinine), and its carboxylic acid derivative 3-carboxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone, the latter compound being reported for the first time from this plant. Methods Feeding assays tested for toxic effects of extracts from the plants Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd, Bidens pilosa L., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Ricinus coummunis L., Senna didymobotrya Fresen. and Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl. on adult females and larvicidal activity was tested against third-instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Mortality of larvae and adult females was monitored for three and eight days, respectively; Probit analysis was used to calculate LC50. Survival was analysed with Kaplan-Meier Model. LC-MS was used to identify the pure compounds. Results Of the six plants screened, extracts from T. diversifolia and R. communis were the most toxic against adult female mosquitoes after 7 days of feeding, with LC50 of 1.52 and 2.56 mg/mL respectively. Larvicidal activity of all the extracts increased with the exposure time with the highest mortality recorded for the extract from R. communis after 72 h of exposure (LC50 0.18 mg/mL). Mosquitoes fed on solutions of the pure compounds, 3-carboxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone and ricinine survived almost as long as those fed on the R. communis extract with mean survival of 4.93 ± 0.07, 4.85 ± 0.07 and 4.50 ± 0.05 days respectively. Conclusions Overall, these findings demonstrate that extracts from the six plant species exhibit varying bioactivity against the larvae and adult females of An. gambiae s.s. T. diversifolia and R. communis showed highest bioactivity against adult females An. gambiae and larvae while longevity of female An. gambiae s.s. decreased with exposure time to the two pure compounds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T07:27:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-283c2a01bd0c4e1d801b6979f7025634 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1756-3305 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T07:27:06Z |
| publishDate | 2014-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | Parasites & Vectors |
| spelling | doaj.art-283c2a01bd0c4e1d801b6979f70256342023-06-04T11:18:24ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052014-07-01711810.1186/1756-3305-7-312Toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from Ricinus communis against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiaeSabina Wangui Wachira0Sabar Omar1Julia Wanjiru Jacob2Martin Wahome3Hans T Alborn4David R Spring5Daniel K Masiga6Baldwyn Torto7International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyKenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research DevelopmentInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyInstitute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyUSDA/ARS-CMAVEChemistry Department, University of CambridgeInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyAbstract Background The African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s., is known to feed selectively on certain plants for sugar sources. However, the adaptive significance of this behaviour especially on how the extracts of such plants impact on the fitness of this vector has not been explored. This study determined the toxicity and larvicidal activity on this vector of extracts from six selected plants found in Kenya and two compounds identified from Ricinus communis: 3-carbonitrile-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone (ricinine), and its carboxylic acid derivative 3-carboxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone, the latter compound being reported for the first time from this plant. Methods Feeding assays tested for toxic effects of extracts from the plants Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd, Bidens pilosa L., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Ricinus coummunis L., Senna didymobotrya Fresen. and Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl. on adult females and larvicidal activity was tested against third-instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Mortality of larvae and adult females was monitored for three and eight days, respectively; Probit analysis was used to calculate LC50. Survival was analysed with Kaplan-Meier Model. LC-MS was used to identify the pure compounds. Results Of the six plants screened, extracts from T. diversifolia and R. communis were the most toxic against adult female mosquitoes after 7 days of feeding, with LC50 of 1.52 and 2.56 mg/mL respectively. Larvicidal activity of all the extracts increased with the exposure time with the highest mortality recorded for the extract from R. communis after 72 h of exposure (LC50 0.18 mg/mL). Mosquitoes fed on solutions of the pure compounds, 3-carboxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone and ricinine survived almost as long as those fed on the R. communis extract with mean survival of 4.93 ± 0.07, 4.85 ± 0.07 and 4.50 ± 0.05 days respectively. Conclusions Overall, these findings demonstrate that extracts from the six plant species exhibit varying bioactivity against the larvae and adult females of An. gambiae s.s. T. diversifolia and R. communis showed highest bioactivity against adult females An. gambiae and larvae while longevity of female An. gambiae s.s. decreased with exposure time to the two pure compounds.https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-312Anopheles gambiae s.sMalariaMosquitoAlkaloidLarvicidalToxicity |
| spellingShingle | Sabina Wangui Wachira Sabar Omar Julia Wanjiru Jacob Martin Wahome Hans T Alborn David R Spring Daniel K Masiga Baldwyn Torto Toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from Ricinus communis against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Parasites & Vectors Anopheles gambiae s.s Malaria Mosquito Alkaloid Larvicidal Toxicity |
| title | Toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from Ricinus communis against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae |
| title_full | Toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from Ricinus communis against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae |
| title_fullStr | Toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from Ricinus communis against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from Ricinus communis against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae |
| title_short | Toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from Ricinus communis against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae |
| title_sort | toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from ricinus communis against the malaria vector anopheles gambiae |
| topic | Anopheles gambiae s.s Malaria Mosquito Alkaloid Larvicidal Toxicity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-312 |
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