Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods
Pesticides released to the environment can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such indirect effects are mediated through direct impacts on other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms and species int...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/8/177 |
| _version_ | 1828714831875670016 |
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| author | Francisco Sánchez-Bayo |
| author_facet | Francisco Sánchez-Bayo |
| author_sort | Francisco Sánchez-Bayo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pesticides released to the environment can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such indirect effects are mediated through direct impacts on other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms and species interactions. Typical mechanisms are the release of herbivores from predation and release from competition among species with similar niches. Application of insecticides to agriculture often results in subsequent pest outbreaks due to the elimination of natural enemies. The loss of floristic diversity and food resources that result from herbicide applications can reduce populations of pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests. In aquatic ecosystems, insecticides and fungicides often induce algae blooms as the chemicals reduce grazing by zooplankton and benthic herbivores. Increases in periphyton biomass typically result in the replacement of arthropods with more tolerant species such as snails, worms and tadpoles. Fungicides and systemic insecticides also reduce nutrient recycling by impairing the ability of detritivorous arthropods. Residues of herbicides can reduce the biomass of macrophytes in ponds and wetlands, indirectly affecting the protection and breeding of predatory insects in that environment. The direct impacts of pesticides in the environment are therefore either amplified or compensated by their indirect effects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:19:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-28545bb1b6b84a75b103c721b42d3f30 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:19:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-28545bb1b6b84a75b103c721b42d3f302023-11-22T10:03:33ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042021-07-019817710.3390/toxics9080177Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other ArthropodsFrancisco Sánchez-Bayo0School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, AustraliaPesticides released to the environment can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such indirect effects are mediated through direct impacts on other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms and species interactions. Typical mechanisms are the release of herbivores from predation and release from competition among species with similar niches. Application of insecticides to agriculture often results in subsequent pest outbreaks due to the elimination of natural enemies. The loss of floristic diversity and food resources that result from herbicide applications can reduce populations of pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests. In aquatic ecosystems, insecticides and fungicides often induce algae blooms as the chemicals reduce grazing by zooplankton and benthic herbivores. Increases in periphyton biomass typically result in the replacement of arthropods with more tolerant species such as snails, worms and tadpoles. Fungicides and systemic insecticides also reduce nutrient recycling by impairing the ability of detritivorous arthropods. Residues of herbicides can reduce the biomass of macrophytes in ponds and wetlands, indirectly affecting the protection and breeding of predatory insects in that environment. The direct impacts of pesticides in the environment are therefore either amplified or compensated by their indirect effects.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/8/177insecticidesherbicidesfungicidesparasiticidespestsaquatic insects |
| spellingShingle | Francisco Sánchez-Bayo Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods Toxics insecticides herbicides fungicides parasiticides pests aquatic insects |
| title | Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods |
| title_full | Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods |
| title_fullStr | Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods |
| title_short | Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods |
| title_sort | indirect effect of pesticides on insects and other arthropods |
| topic | insecticides herbicides fungicides parasiticides pests aquatic insects |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/8/177 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT franciscosanchezbayo indirecteffectofpesticidesoninsectsandotherarthropods |