Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Murine Models
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the main human dementias around the world which is constantly increasing every year due to several factors (age, genetics, environment, etc.) and there are no prevention or treatment options to cure it. AD is characterized by memory loss associated with oxidative s...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/2/218 |
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| author | Leticia Guadalupe Fragoso-Morales José Correa-Basurto Martha Cecilia Rosales-Hernández |
| author_facet | Leticia Guadalupe Fragoso-Morales José Correa-Basurto Martha Cecilia Rosales-Hernández |
| author_sort | Leticia Guadalupe Fragoso-Morales |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the main human dementias around the world which is constantly increasing every year due to several factors (age, genetics, environment, etc.) and there are no prevention or treatment options to cure it. AD is characterized by memory loss associated with oxidative stress (OS) in brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, etc.). OS can be produced by amyloid beta (Aβ) protein aggregation and its interaction with metals, mitochondrial damage and alterations between antioxidants and oxidant enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. NADPH oxidase produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and it is overexpressed in AD, producing large amounts of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide which damage brain cells and the vasculature. In addition, it has been reported that NADPH oxidase causes an imbalance of pH which could also influence in the amyloid beta (Aβ) production. Therefore, NADPH oxidase had been proposed as a therapeutic target in AD. However, there are no drugs for AD treatment such as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor despite great efforts made to stabilize the ROS production using antioxidant molecules. So, in this work, we will focus our attention on NADPH oxidase (NOX2 and NOX4) in AD as well as in AD models and later discuss the use of NADPH oxidase inhibitor compounds in AD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:03:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-28958ea254614587819f5e7b15ea0a57 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:03:04Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-28958ea254614587819f5e7b15ea0a572023-12-03T12:07:15ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-02-0110221810.3390/antiox10020218Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Murine ModelsLeticia Guadalupe Fragoso-Morales0José Correa-Basurto1Martha Cecilia Rosales-Hernández2Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, MexicoLaboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Mexico City 11340, MexicoLaboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, MexicoAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the main human dementias around the world which is constantly increasing every year due to several factors (age, genetics, environment, etc.) and there are no prevention or treatment options to cure it. AD is characterized by memory loss associated with oxidative stress (OS) in brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, etc.). OS can be produced by amyloid beta (Aβ) protein aggregation and its interaction with metals, mitochondrial damage and alterations between antioxidants and oxidant enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. NADPH oxidase produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and it is overexpressed in AD, producing large amounts of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide which damage brain cells and the vasculature. In addition, it has been reported that NADPH oxidase causes an imbalance of pH which could also influence in the amyloid beta (Aβ) production. Therefore, NADPH oxidase had been proposed as a therapeutic target in AD. However, there are no drugs for AD treatment such as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor despite great efforts made to stabilize the ROS production using antioxidant molecules. So, in this work, we will focus our attention on NADPH oxidase (NOX2 and NOX4) in AD as well as in AD models and later discuss the use of NADPH oxidase inhibitor compounds in AD.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/2/218Alzheimer modelsNADPH oxidaseoxidative stressNOX2NOX4NADPH oxidase inhibitors |
| spellingShingle | Leticia Guadalupe Fragoso-Morales José Correa-Basurto Martha Cecilia Rosales-Hernández Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Murine Models Antioxidants Alzheimer models NADPH oxidase oxidative stress NOX2 NOX4 NADPH oxidase inhibitors |
| title | Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Murine Models |
| title_full | Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Murine Models |
| title_fullStr | Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Murine Models |
| title_full_unstemmed | Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Murine Models |
| title_short | Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Murine Models |
| title_sort | implication of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate nadph oxidase and its inhibitors in alzheimer s disease murine models |
| topic | Alzheimer models NADPH oxidase oxidative stress NOX2 NOX4 NADPH oxidase inhibitors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/2/218 |
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