CT, US and MRI of xanthine urinary stones: in-vitro and in-vivo analyses
Abstract Background Xanthine urinary stones are a rare entity that may occur in patients with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome receiving allopurinol. There is little literature describing imaging characteristics of these stones, and the most appropriate approach to imaging these stones is therefore unclear. We...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2020-10-01
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| Series: | BMC Urology |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12894-020-00736-w |
| _version_ | 1818553958488080384 |
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| author | Stephanie B. Shamir Qi Peng Alan H. Schoenfeld Beth A. Drzewiecki Mark C. Liszewski |
| author_facet | Stephanie B. Shamir Qi Peng Alan H. Schoenfeld Beth A. Drzewiecki Mark C. Liszewski |
| author_sort | Stephanie B. Shamir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Xanthine urinary stones are a rare entity that may occur in patients with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome receiving allopurinol. There is little literature describing imaging characteristics of these stones, and the most appropriate approach to imaging these stones is therefore unclear. We performed in-vitro and in-vivo analyses of xanthine stones using computed tomography (CT) at different energy levels, ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Five pure xanthine stones from a child with Lesch-Nyhan were imaged in-vitro and in-vivo. CT of the stones was performed at 80 kVp, 100 kVp, 120 kVp and 140 kVp and CT numbers of the stones were recorded in Hounsfield units (HU). US of the stones was performed and echogenicity, acoustic shadowing and twinkle artifact were assessed. MRI of the stones was performed and included T2-weighted, ultrashort echo-time-weighted and T2/T1-weighted 3D bFFE sequences and signal was assessed. Results In-vitro analysis on CT demonstrated that xanthine stones were radiodense and the average attenuation coefficient did not differ with varying kVp, measuring 331.0 ± 51.7 HU at 80 kVp, 321.4 ± 63.4 HU at 100 kVp, 329.7 ± 54.2 HU at 120 kVp and 328.4 ± 61.1 HU at 140 kVp. In-vivo analysis on CT resulted in an average attenuation of 354 ± 35 HU. On US, xanthine stones where echogenic with acoustic shadowing and twinkle artifact. On MRI, stones lacked signal on all tested sequences. Conclusion Xanthine stone analyses, both in-vitro and in-vivo, demonstrate imaging characteristics typical of most urinary stones: dense on CT, echogenic on US, and lacking signal on MRI. Therefore, the approach to imaging xanthine stones should be comparable to that of other urinary stones. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T09:32:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-289b6b7db1874f319e1a3a0dff134b53 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2490 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T09:32:37Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Urology |
| spelling | doaj.art-289b6b7db1874f319e1a3a0dff134b532022-12-22T00:28:48ZengBMCBMC Urology1471-24902020-10-012011710.1186/s12894-020-00736-wCT, US and MRI of xanthine urinary stones: in-vitro and in-vivo analysesStephanie B. Shamir0Qi Peng1Alan H. Schoenfeld2Beth A. Drzewiecki3Mark C. Liszewski4Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of MedicineDepartment of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of MedicineDepartment of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of MedicineDivision of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of MedicineDivision of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of MedicineAbstract Background Xanthine urinary stones are a rare entity that may occur in patients with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome receiving allopurinol. There is little literature describing imaging characteristics of these stones, and the most appropriate approach to imaging these stones is therefore unclear. We performed in-vitro and in-vivo analyses of xanthine stones using computed tomography (CT) at different energy levels, ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Five pure xanthine stones from a child with Lesch-Nyhan were imaged in-vitro and in-vivo. CT of the stones was performed at 80 kVp, 100 kVp, 120 kVp and 140 kVp and CT numbers of the stones were recorded in Hounsfield units (HU). US of the stones was performed and echogenicity, acoustic shadowing and twinkle artifact were assessed. MRI of the stones was performed and included T2-weighted, ultrashort echo-time-weighted and T2/T1-weighted 3D bFFE sequences and signal was assessed. Results In-vitro analysis on CT demonstrated that xanthine stones were radiodense and the average attenuation coefficient did not differ with varying kVp, measuring 331.0 ± 51.7 HU at 80 kVp, 321.4 ± 63.4 HU at 100 kVp, 329.7 ± 54.2 HU at 120 kVp and 328.4 ± 61.1 HU at 140 kVp. In-vivo analysis on CT resulted in an average attenuation of 354 ± 35 HU. On US, xanthine stones where echogenic with acoustic shadowing and twinkle artifact. On MRI, stones lacked signal on all tested sequences. Conclusion Xanthine stone analyses, both in-vitro and in-vivo, demonstrate imaging characteristics typical of most urinary stones: dense on CT, echogenic on US, and lacking signal on MRI. Therefore, the approach to imaging xanthine stones should be comparable to that of other urinary stones.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12894-020-00736-w |
| spellingShingle | Stephanie B. Shamir Qi Peng Alan H. Schoenfeld Beth A. Drzewiecki Mark C. Liszewski CT, US and MRI of xanthine urinary stones: in-vitro and in-vivo analyses BMC Urology |
| title | CT, US and MRI of xanthine urinary stones: in-vitro and in-vivo analyses |
| title_full | CT, US and MRI of xanthine urinary stones: in-vitro and in-vivo analyses |
| title_fullStr | CT, US and MRI of xanthine urinary stones: in-vitro and in-vivo analyses |
| title_full_unstemmed | CT, US and MRI of xanthine urinary stones: in-vitro and in-vivo analyses |
| title_short | CT, US and MRI of xanthine urinary stones: in-vitro and in-vivo analyses |
| title_sort | ct us and mri of xanthine urinary stones in vitro and in vivo analyses |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12894-020-00736-w |
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