Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition that primarily affects the myelin sheath covering the neurons of the central nervous system, including those of the brain and spinal cord. Although the etiology is not completely understood, various factors, such as genetic infections and en...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Brain Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1009 |
| _version_ | 1797590015892520960 |
|---|---|
| author | Khalid Al Johani Mashael Fudah Mohammad Al-Zahrani Hassan Abed Kumar Chandan Srivastava Deepti Shrivastava Marco Cicciù Giuseppe Minervini |
| author_facet | Khalid Al Johani Mashael Fudah Mohammad Al-Zahrani Hassan Abed Kumar Chandan Srivastava Deepti Shrivastava Marco Cicciù Giuseppe Minervini |
| author_sort | Khalid Al Johani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition that primarily affects the myelin sheath covering the neurons of the central nervous system, including those of the brain and spinal cord. Although the etiology is not completely understood, various factors, such as genetic infections and environmental background, play a role in the pathogenesis. Repeated active episodes of MS characterized with marked inflammation results in the scarring of particular nerve segments, and eventually results in functional impairment over a period of time. Based on the clinical course of the disease, four clinical types of MS have been identified, with the relapsing–remitting type being the commonest. MS is known to occur more commonly in females in the age group of 20–40 years. Dysarthria, fatigue, muscle spasm, and numbness are the common presenting symptoms of MS. Diagnosis is generally achieved with MRI brain scans, showing demyelination plaques and lumbar puncture. Treatment of MS’s acute phase includes high doses of corticosteroids; whereas preventive treatment of MS includes the prescription of immunosuppressive therapy, including biologics. A large group of MS patients present with oral manifestations, including dysphagia, dysarthria, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disturbances, facial palsy, and chronic periodontal diseases. Other typical oral manifestations seen in MS patients include trigeminal neuralgia, paresthesia, or orofacial pain. Dental treatment and following drug prescription needs to be tailored to each patient, as there is a possibility of drug interactions. This paper presents a comprehensive, updated review of MS, with emphasis on oral manifestations and dental considerations. Additionally, it presents a case of a 40-year-old female diagnosed with MS that was presented to a dental hospital. The report discusses the oral manifestations and dental management. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:14:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-289b895407ad482eb36c632c12a93893 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:14:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-289b895407ad482eb36c632c12a938932023-11-18T18:34:02ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252023-06-01137100910.3390/brainsci13071009Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case ReportKhalid Al Johani0Mashael Fudah1Mohammad Al-Zahrani2Hassan Abed3Kumar Chandan Srivastava4Deepti Shrivastava5Marco Cicciù6Giuseppe Minervini7Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Periodontics, University Dental Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi ArabiaPeriodontics Division, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, 95123 Catania, ItalyMultidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition that primarily affects the myelin sheath covering the neurons of the central nervous system, including those of the brain and spinal cord. Although the etiology is not completely understood, various factors, such as genetic infections and environmental background, play a role in the pathogenesis. Repeated active episodes of MS characterized with marked inflammation results in the scarring of particular nerve segments, and eventually results in functional impairment over a period of time. Based on the clinical course of the disease, four clinical types of MS have been identified, with the relapsing–remitting type being the commonest. MS is known to occur more commonly in females in the age group of 20–40 years. Dysarthria, fatigue, muscle spasm, and numbness are the common presenting symptoms of MS. Diagnosis is generally achieved with MRI brain scans, showing demyelination plaques and lumbar puncture. Treatment of MS’s acute phase includes high doses of corticosteroids; whereas preventive treatment of MS includes the prescription of immunosuppressive therapy, including biologics. A large group of MS patients present with oral manifestations, including dysphagia, dysarthria, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disturbances, facial palsy, and chronic periodontal diseases. Other typical oral manifestations seen in MS patients include trigeminal neuralgia, paresthesia, or orofacial pain. Dental treatment and following drug prescription needs to be tailored to each patient, as there is a possibility of drug interactions. This paper presents a comprehensive, updated review of MS, with emphasis on oral manifestations and dental considerations. Additionally, it presents a case of a 40-year-old female diagnosed with MS that was presented to a dental hospital. The report discusses the oral manifestations and dental management.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1009multiple sclerosisoral medicineoral manifestationstrigeminal neuralgiademyelinating diseasesbiological products |
| spellingShingle | Khalid Al Johani Mashael Fudah Mohammad Al-Zahrani Hassan Abed Kumar Chandan Srivastava Deepti Shrivastava Marco Cicciù Giuseppe Minervini Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report Brain Sciences multiple sclerosis oral medicine oral manifestations trigeminal neuralgia demyelinating diseases biological products |
| title | Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report |
| title_full | Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report |
| title_fullStr | Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report |
| title_short | Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report |
| title_sort | multiple sclerosis a demyelinating disorder and its dental considerations a literature review with own case report |
| topic | multiple sclerosis oral medicine oral manifestations trigeminal neuralgia demyelinating diseases biological products |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1009 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT khalidaljohani multiplesclerosisademyelinatingdisorderanditsdentalconsiderationsaliteraturereviewwithowncasereport AT mashaelfudah multiplesclerosisademyelinatingdisorderanditsdentalconsiderationsaliteraturereviewwithowncasereport AT mohammadalzahrani multiplesclerosisademyelinatingdisorderanditsdentalconsiderationsaliteraturereviewwithowncasereport AT hassanabed multiplesclerosisademyelinatingdisorderanditsdentalconsiderationsaliteraturereviewwithowncasereport AT kumarchandansrivastava multiplesclerosisademyelinatingdisorderanditsdentalconsiderationsaliteraturereviewwithowncasereport AT deeptishrivastava multiplesclerosisademyelinatingdisorderanditsdentalconsiderationsaliteraturereviewwithowncasereport AT marcocicciu multiplesclerosisademyelinatingdisorderanditsdentalconsiderationsaliteraturereviewwithowncasereport AT giuseppeminervini multiplesclerosisademyelinatingdisorderanditsdentalconsiderationsaliteraturereviewwithowncasereport |