Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels
The article presents the influence of heat treatment on the kinetics of transformations in lean duplex LDX2101 steel and a weld made of standard duplex 2209 material, which was welded by manual metal arc welding. Changes in the microstructure, hardness, and magnetic phase content were analyzed after...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/24/7628 |
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| author | Monika Orłowska Krzysztof Pańcikiewicz Aleksandra Świerczyńska Michał Landowski |
| author_facet | Monika Orłowska Krzysztof Pańcikiewicz Aleksandra Świerczyńska Michał Landowski |
| author_sort | Monika Orłowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The article presents the influence of heat treatment on the kinetics of transformations in lean duplex LDX2101 steel and a weld made of standard duplex 2209 material, which was welded by manual metal arc welding. Changes in the microstructure, hardness, and magnetic phase content were analyzed after heat treatment was conducted at a temperature of 800 °C for a period ranging from 15 to 1440 min. Light and scanning microscopy, Vickers hardness measurements, and magnetic phase content measurements using a ferritoscope were used for the research. In the LDX2101 steel, the presence of δ-ferrite and γ austenite was identified and additional Cr<sub>2</sub>N nitrides were observed in the heat-affected zone. After heat treatment, the decomposition of δ ferrite into γ<sub>2</sub> austenite and Cr<sub>2</sub>N nitrides was observed in both areas. In the case of weld made by the coated electrode in 2209 grade, a ferritic–austenitic microstructure with allotriomorphic austenite (γ<sub>A</sub>), Widmanstätten austenite (γ<sub>W</sub>), and idiomorphic austenite (γ<sub>I</sub>) and δ-ferrite area with “bee swarms” of fine precipitations of chromium nitrides Cr<sub>2</sub>N and non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) of slag, formed during the welding process, are observed in the as-welded state. After heat treatment, the presence of the χ phase (after 15 min of annealing) and the σ phase (after 120 min of annealing) was additionally identified. The kinetics of intermetallic phase evolution in welds made from 2209 material were presented. The obtained results of hardness measurements and metallographic tests were correlated, which allowed for a quick check of the precipitation processes on the used element. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:33:38Z |
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| id | doaj.art-28a528b6728749aeb1d28be66d1c9524 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:33:38Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-28a528b6728749aeb1d28be66d1c95242023-12-22T14:22:52ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-12-011624762810.3390/ma16247628Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless SteelsMonika Orłowska0Krzysztof Pańcikiewicz1Aleksandra Świerczyńska2Michał Landowski3Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, PolandInstitute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandInstitute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandThe article presents the influence of heat treatment on the kinetics of transformations in lean duplex LDX2101 steel and a weld made of standard duplex 2209 material, which was welded by manual metal arc welding. Changes in the microstructure, hardness, and magnetic phase content were analyzed after heat treatment was conducted at a temperature of 800 °C for a period ranging from 15 to 1440 min. Light and scanning microscopy, Vickers hardness measurements, and magnetic phase content measurements using a ferritoscope were used for the research. In the LDX2101 steel, the presence of δ-ferrite and γ austenite was identified and additional Cr<sub>2</sub>N nitrides were observed in the heat-affected zone. After heat treatment, the decomposition of δ ferrite into γ<sub>2</sub> austenite and Cr<sub>2</sub>N nitrides was observed in both areas. In the case of weld made by the coated electrode in 2209 grade, a ferritic–austenitic microstructure with allotriomorphic austenite (γ<sub>A</sub>), Widmanstätten austenite (γ<sub>W</sub>), and idiomorphic austenite (γ<sub>I</sub>) and δ-ferrite area with “bee swarms” of fine precipitations of chromium nitrides Cr<sub>2</sub>N and non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) of slag, formed during the welding process, are observed in the as-welded state. After heat treatment, the presence of the χ phase (after 15 min of annealing) and the σ phase (after 120 min of annealing) was additionally identified. The kinetics of intermetallic phase evolution in welds made from 2209 material were presented. The obtained results of hardness measurements and metallographic tests were correlated, which allowed for a quick check of the precipitation processes on the used element.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/24/7628duplex steellean duplex steelmanual metal arc weldingintermetallic phasechi phasesigma phase |
| spellingShingle | Monika Orłowska Krzysztof Pańcikiewicz Aleksandra Świerczyńska Michał Landowski Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels Materials duplex steel lean duplex steel manual metal arc welding intermetallic phase chi phase sigma phase |
| title | Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels |
| title_full | Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels |
| title_fullStr | Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels |
| title_short | Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels |
| title_sort | kinetics of intermetallic phase precipitation in manual metal arc welded duplex stainless steels |
| topic | duplex steel lean duplex steel manual metal arc welding intermetallic phase chi phase sigma phase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/24/7628 |
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