Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China
<p>Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region in North China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still relatively less known in near...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Copernicus Publications
2019-02-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/2283/2019/acp-19-2283-2019.pdf |
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| author | R.-J. Huang R.-J. Huang Y. Wang Y. Wang J. Cao J. Cao C. Lin C. Lin C. Lin J. Duan J. Duan Q. Chen Y. Li Y. Gu Y. Gu J. Yan J. Yan W. Xu W. Xu W. Xu R. Fröhlich F. Canonaco C. Bozzetti J. Ovadnevaite D. Ceburnis M. R. Canagaratna J. Jayne D. R. Worsnop I. El-Haddad A. S. H. Prévôt C. D. O'Dowd |
| author_facet | R.-J. Huang R.-J. Huang Y. Wang Y. Wang J. Cao J. Cao C. Lin C. Lin C. Lin J. Duan J. Duan Q. Chen Y. Li Y. Gu Y. Gu J. Yan J. Yan W. Xu W. Xu W. Xu R. Fröhlich F. Canonaco C. Bozzetti J. Ovadnevaite D. Ceburnis M. R. Canagaratna J. Jayne D. R. Worsnop I. El-Haddad A. S. H. Prévôt C. D. O'Dowd |
| author_sort | R.-J. Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region in North
China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the
chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still
relatively less known in nearby Tianjin and Hebei. In this study, fine PM
in urban Shijiazhuang (the capital of Hebei Province) was characterized using
an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) from
11 January to 18 February in 2014. The average mass concentration of
non-refractory submicron PM (diameter <span class="inline-formula"><1</span> <span class="inline-formula">µm</span>, NR-PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span>) was
<span class="inline-formula">178±101</span> <span class="inline-formula">µg m<sup>−3</sup></span>, and it was composed of 50 % organic aerosol
(OA), 21 % sulfate, 12 % nitrate, 11 % ammonium, and 6 % chloride.
Using the multilinear engine (ME-2) receptor model, five OA sources were
identified and quantified, including hydrocarbon-like OA from vehicle
emissions (HOA, 13 %), cooking OA (COA, 16 %), biomass burning OA (BBOA,
17 %), coal combustion OA (CCOA, 27 %), and oxygenated OA (OOA, 27 %).
We found that secondary formation contributed substantially to PM in episodic
events, whereas primary emissions were dominant (most significant) on average.
The episodic events with the highest NR-PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span> mass range of
300–360 <span class="inline-formula">µg m<sup>−3</sup></span> were comprised of 55 % of secondary species. On the
contrary, a campaign-average low OOA fraction (27 %) in OA indicated the
importance of primary emissions, and a low sulfur oxidation degree
(<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow class="chem"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">SO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8819465d5a6df2253350653799fd2c60"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-19-2283-2019-ie00001.svg" width="23pt" height="14pt" src="acp-19-2283-2019-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) of 0.18 even at RH <span class="inline-formula">>90</span> % hinted at insufficient
oxidation. These results suggested that in Shijiazhuang in wintertime fine PM
was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging,
indicating opportunities for air quality improvement by mitigating direct
emissions. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic (OOA) species
dominated in pollution events with high-RH conditions, most likely due to
enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, whereas primary organic aerosol (POA)
dominated in pollution events with low-RH and stagnant conditions. These
results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM
pollution in this highly polluted city in North China.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T01:54:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-28aa099ce50043488b470e86a9884983 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T01:54:24Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-28aa099ce50043488b470e86a98849832022-12-22T00:42:24ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242019-02-01192283229810.5194/acp-19-2283-2019Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North ChinaR.-J. Huang0R.-J. Huang1Y. Wang2Y. Wang3J. Cao4J. Cao5C. Lin6C. Lin7C. Lin8J. Duan9J. Duan10Q. Chen11Y. Li12Y. Gu13Y. Gu14J. Yan15J. Yan16W. Xu17W. Xu18W. Xu19R. Fröhlich20F. Canonaco21C. Bozzetti22J. Ovadnevaite23D. Ceburnis24M. R. Canagaratna25J. Jayne26D. R. Worsnop27I. El-Haddad28A. S. H. Prévôt29C. D. O'Dowd30Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaCAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaCAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaCAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaCAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaSchool of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IrelandKey Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaCAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaState Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaCAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaCAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaCAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, ChinaSchool of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IrelandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, SwitzerlandSchool of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IrelandSchool of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IrelandAerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USAAerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USAAerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USALaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, SwitzerlandSchool of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland<p>Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region in North China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still relatively less known in nearby Tianjin and Hebei. In this study, fine PM in urban Shijiazhuang (the capital of Hebei Province) was characterized using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) from 11 January to 18 February in 2014. The average mass concentration of non-refractory submicron PM (diameter <span class="inline-formula"><1</span> <span class="inline-formula">µm</span>, NR-PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span>) was <span class="inline-formula">178±101</span> <span class="inline-formula">µg m<sup>−3</sup></span>, and it was composed of 50 % organic aerosol (OA), 21 % sulfate, 12 % nitrate, 11 % ammonium, and 6 % chloride. Using the multilinear engine (ME-2) receptor model, five OA sources were identified and quantified, including hydrocarbon-like OA from vehicle emissions (HOA, 13 %), cooking OA (COA, 16 %), biomass burning OA (BBOA, 17 %), coal combustion OA (CCOA, 27 %), and oxygenated OA (OOA, 27 %). We found that secondary formation contributed substantially to PM in episodic events, whereas primary emissions were dominant (most significant) on average. The episodic events with the highest NR-PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span> mass range of 300–360 <span class="inline-formula">µg m<sup>−3</sup></span> were comprised of 55 % of secondary species. On the contrary, a campaign-average low OOA fraction (27 %) in OA indicated the importance of primary emissions, and a low sulfur oxidation degree (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow class="chem"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">SO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8819465d5a6df2253350653799fd2c60"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-19-2283-2019-ie00001.svg" width="23pt" height="14pt" src="acp-19-2283-2019-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) of 0.18 even at RH <span class="inline-formula">>90</span> % hinted at insufficient oxidation. These results suggested that in Shijiazhuang in wintertime fine PM was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging, indicating opportunities for air quality improvement by mitigating direct emissions. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic (OOA) species dominated in pollution events with high-RH conditions, most likely due to enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, whereas primary organic aerosol (POA) dominated in pollution events with low-RH and stagnant conditions. These results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM pollution in this highly polluted city in North China.</p>https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/2283/2019/acp-19-2283-2019.pdf |
| spellingShingle | R.-J. Huang R.-J. Huang Y. Wang Y. Wang J. Cao J. Cao C. Lin C. Lin C. Lin J. Duan J. Duan Q. Chen Y. Li Y. Gu Y. Gu J. Yan J. Yan W. Xu W. Xu W. Xu R. Fröhlich F. Canonaco C. Bozzetti J. Ovadnevaite D. Ceburnis M. R. Canagaratna J. Jayne D. R. Worsnop I. El-Haddad A. S. H. Prévôt C. D. O'Dowd Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China |
| title_full | Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China |
| title_fullStr | Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China |
| title_short | Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China |
| title_sort | primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city shijiazhuang in north china |
| url | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/2283/2019/acp-19-2283-2019.pdf |
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