| Summary: | Simian retrovirus subtype 8 (SRV-8) infections have been reported in cynomolgus monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) in China and America, but its pathogenicity and immunogenicity are rarely reported. In this work, the SRV-8-infected monkeys were identified from the monkeys with anemia, weight loss, and diarrhea. To clarify the impact of SRV-8 infection on cynomolgus monkeys, infected monkeys were divided into five groups according to disease progression. Hematoxylin (HE) staining and viral loads analysis showed that SRV-8 mainly persisted in the intestine and spleen, causing tissue damage. Additionally, the dynamic variations of blood routine indexes, innate and adaptive immunity, and the transcriptomic changes in peripheral blood cells were analyzed during SRV-8 infection. Compared to uninfected animals, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and white blood cells were reduced in SRV-8-infected monkeys. The percentage of immune cell populations was changed after SRV-8 infection. Furthermore, the number of hematopoietic stem cells decreased significantly during the early stages of SRV-8 infection, and returned to normal levels after antibody-mediated viral clearance. Finally, global transcriptomic analysis in PBMCs from SRV-8-infected monkeys revealed distinct gene expression profiles across different disease stages. In summary, SRV-8 infection can cause severe pathogenicity and immune disturbance in cynomolgus monkeys, and it might be responsible for fatal virus-associated immunosuppressive syndrome.
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