The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in China
Common walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important hardwood tree species cultivated worldwide for its high quality wood and edible nuts. It is generally accepted that after the last glaciation J. regia survived and grew in almost completely isolated stands in Asia, and that ancient humans...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.01399/full |
| _version_ | 1818096528682647552 |
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| author | Xiaojia Feng Huijuan Zhou Saman Zulfiqar Xiang Luo Yiheng Hu Li Feng Maria E. Malvolti Keith Woeste Peng Zhao |
| author_facet | Xiaojia Feng Huijuan Zhou Saman Zulfiqar Xiang Luo Yiheng Hu Li Feng Maria E. Malvolti Keith Woeste Peng Zhao |
| author_sort | Xiaojia Feng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Common walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important hardwood tree species cultivated worldwide for its high quality wood and edible nuts. It is generally accepted that after the last glaciation J. regia survived and grew in almost completely isolated stands in Asia, and that ancient humans dispersed walnuts across Asia and into new habitats via trade and cultural expansion. The history of common walnut in China is a matter of debate, however. We estimated the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 31 walnut populations sampled across its Chinese range using 22 microsatellite markers (13 neutral and 9 non-neutral). Using historical data and population genetic analysis, including approximate Bayesian analysis (ABC), we reconstructed the demographic history of J. regia in China. The genetic data indicated the likely presence of J. regia in glacial refugia in the Xinjiang province (Northwest China), Northeastern China (Beijing, Shandong, and Changbai Mountains), Central China (Qinling and Baishan Mountains and Xi’an), and Southwestern China (Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces). Based on DIY-ABC analysis, we identified three ancient lineages of J. regia in China. Two lineages (subpopulation A and subpopulation B+C) diverged about 2.79 Mya, while Southwestern China, and Qinling and Baishan Mountains lineages diverged during the Quaternary glaciations (about 1.13 Mya). Remnants of these once-distinct genetic clusters of J. regia may warrant ecological management if they are to be retained as in situ resources. A population size expansion in Northeastern China was detected in the last five centuries. The present distribution of walnut in China resulted from the combined effects of expansion/contraction from multiple refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum and later human exploitation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T23:06:04Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T23:06:04Z |
| publishDate | 2018-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-28cdb2667bd746d5844f39061d7c72122022-12-22T01:30:03ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2018-09-01910.3389/fpls.2018.01399375919The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in ChinaXiaojia Feng0Huijuan Zhou1Saman Zulfiqar2Xiang Luo3Yiheng Hu4Li Feng5Maria E. Malvolti6Keith Woeste7Peng Zhao8Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, ChinaKey Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, ChinaKey Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, ChinaZhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, ChinaKey Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, ChinaInstitute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Terni, ItalyUSDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United StatesKey Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, ChinaCommon walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important hardwood tree species cultivated worldwide for its high quality wood and edible nuts. It is generally accepted that after the last glaciation J. regia survived and grew in almost completely isolated stands in Asia, and that ancient humans dispersed walnuts across Asia and into new habitats via trade and cultural expansion. The history of common walnut in China is a matter of debate, however. We estimated the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 31 walnut populations sampled across its Chinese range using 22 microsatellite markers (13 neutral and 9 non-neutral). Using historical data and population genetic analysis, including approximate Bayesian analysis (ABC), we reconstructed the demographic history of J. regia in China. The genetic data indicated the likely presence of J. regia in glacial refugia in the Xinjiang province (Northwest China), Northeastern China (Beijing, Shandong, and Changbai Mountains), Central China (Qinling and Baishan Mountains and Xi’an), and Southwestern China (Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces). Based on DIY-ABC analysis, we identified three ancient lineages of J. regia in China. Two lineages (subpopulation A and subpopulation B+C) diverged about 2.79 Mya, while Southwestern China, and Qinling and Baishan Mountains lineages diverged during the Quaternary glaciations (about 1.13 Mya). Remnants of these once-distinct genetic clusters of J. regia may warrant ecological management if they are to be retained as in situ resources. A population size expansion in Northeastern China was detected in the last five centuries. The present distribution of walnut in China resulted from the combined effects of expansion/contraction from multiple refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum and later human exploitation.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.01399/fullmicrosatellitesJuglans regiaPersian walnutgenetic structurechloroplastecological niche model |
| spellingShingle | Xiaojia Feng Huijuan Zhou Saman Zulfiqar Xiang Luo Yiheng Hu Li Feng Maria E. Malvolti Keith Woeste Peng Zhao The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in China Frontiers in Plant Science microsatellites Juglans regia Persian walnut genetic structure chloroplast ecological niche model |
| title | The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in China |
| title_full | The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in China |
| title_fullStr | The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in China |
| title_short | The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in China |
| title_sort | phytogeographic history of common walnut in china |
| topic | microsatellites Juglans regia Persian walnut genetic structure chloroplast ecological niche model |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.01399/full |
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