Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus
Birds are the main natural host of West Nile virus (WNV), the worldwide most distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus, but humans and equids can also be sporadic hosts. Many avian species have been reported as susceptible to WNV, particularly corvids. In the case that clinical disease develops in birds...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/4/126 |
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| author | Nereida Jiménez de Oya Estela Escribano-Romero Ana-Belén Blázquez Miguel A. Martín-Acebes Juan-Carlos Saiz |
| author_facet | Nereida Jiménez de Oya Estela Escribano-Romero Ana-Belén Blázquez Miguel A. Martín-Acebes Juan-Carlos Saiz |
| author_sort | Nereida Jiménez de Oya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Birds are the main natural host of West Nile virus (WNV), the worldwide most distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus, but humans and equids can also be sporadic hosts. Many avian species have been reported as susceptible to WNV, particularly corvids. In the case that clinical disease develops in birds, this is due to virus invasion of different organs: liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and mainly the central nervous system, which can lead to death 24–48 h later. Nowadays, vaccines have only been licensed for use in equids; thus, the availability of avian vaccines would benefit bird populations, both domestic and wild ones. Such vaccines could be used in endangered species housed in rehabilitation and wildlife reserves, and in animals located at zoos and other recreational installations, but also in farm birds, and in those that are grown for hunting and restocking activities. Even more, controlling WNV infection in birds can also be useful to prevent its spread and limit outbreaks. So far, different commercial and experimental vaccines (inactivated, attenuated, and recombinant viruses, and subunits and DNA-based candidates) have been evaluated, with various regimens, both in domestic and wild avian species. However, there are still disadvantages that must be overcome before avian vaccination can be implemented, such as its cost-effectiveness for domestic birds since in many species the pathogenicity is low or zero, or the viability of being able to achieve collective immunity in wild birds in freedom. Here, a comprehensive review of what has been done until now in the field of avian vaccines against WNV is presented and discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:43:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-28df72eb6c4c4c179bd82267cf02de28 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:43:51Z |
| publishDate | 2019-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-28df72eb6c4c4c179bd82267cf02de282022-12-22T04:21:10ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2019-09-017412610.3390/vaccines7040126vaccines7040126Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile VirusNereida Jiménez de Oya0Estela Escribano-Romero1Ana-Belén Blázquez2Miguel A. Martín-Acebes3Juan-Carlos Saiz4Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, SpainBirds are the main natural host of West Nile virus (WNV), the worldwide most distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus, but humans and equids can also be sporadic hosts. Many avian species have been reported as susceptible to WNV, particularly corvids. In the case that clinical disease develops in birds, this is due to virus invasion of different organs: liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and mainly the central nervous system, which can lead to death 24–48 h later. Nowadays, vaccines have only been licensed for use in equids; thus, the availability of avian vaccines would benefit bird populations, both domestic and wild ones. Such vaccines could be used in endangered species housed in rehabilitation and wildlife reserves, and in animals located at zoos and other recreational installations, but also in farm birds, and in those that are grown for hunting and restocking activities. Even more, controlling WNV infection in birds can also be useful to prevent its spread and limit outbreaks. So far, different commercial and experimental vaccines (inactivated, attenuated, and recombinant viruses, and subunits and DNA-based candidates) have been evaluated, with various regimens, both in domestic and wild avian species. However, there are still disadvantages that must be overcome before avian vaccination can be implemented, such as its cost-effectiveness for domestic birds since in many species the pathogenicity is low or zero, or the viability of being able to achieve collective immunity in wild birds in freedom. Here, a comprehensive review of what has been done until now in the field of avian vaccines against WNV is presented and discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/4/126birdsvaccinesWest Nile virusflavivirusherd immunity |
| spellingShingle | Nereida Jiménez de Oya Estela Escribano-Romero Ana-Belén Blázquez Miguel A. Martín-Acebes Juan-Carlos Saiz Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus Vaccines birds vaccines West Nile virus flavivirus herd immunity |
| title | Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus |
| title_full | Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus |
| title_fullStr | Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus |
| title_short | Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus |
| title_sort | current progress of avian vaccines against west nile virus |
| topic | birds vaccines West Nile virus flavivirus herd immunity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/4/126 |
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