Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical Presence
Electrolyzed acid solutions produced by different methods have antiseptic properties due to the presence of chlorine and reactive oxygen species. Our aim was to determine whether a controlled-flow electrolyzed acid solution (CFEAS) has the ability to improve wound healing due to its antiseptic and a...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-03-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/4/745 |
| _version_ | 1827619564549046272 |
|---|---|
| author | Alejandro Cabrera-Wrooman Silvestre Ortega-Peña Rosa M. Salgado Belinda Sandoval-Cuevas Edgar Krötzsch |
| author_facet | Alejandro Cabrera-Wrooman Silvestre Ortega-Peña Rosa M. Salgado Belinda Sandoval-Cuevas Edgar Krötzsch |
| author_sort | Alejandro Cabrera-Wrooman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Electrolyzed acid solutions produced by different methods have antiseptic properties due to the presence of chlorine and reactive oxygen species. Our aim was to determine whether a controlled-flow electrolyzed acid solution (CFEAS) has the ability to improve wound healing due to its antiseptic and antibiofilm properties. First, we demonstrated in vitro that Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to CFEAS, and the effect was partially sustained for 24 h, evidencing antibiofilm activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05, CFEAS-treated vs. controls). The partial cytotoxicity of CFEAS was mainly observed in macrophages after 6 h of treatment; meanwhile, fibroblasts resisted short-lived free radicals (<i>p</i> < 0.05, CFEAS treated vs. controls), perhaps through redox-regulating mechanisms. In addition, we observed that a single 24 h CFEAS treatment of subacute and chronic human wounds diminished the CFU/g of tissue by ten times (<i>p</i> < 0.05, before vs. after) and removed the biofilm that was adhered to the wound, as we observed via histology from transversal sections of biopsies obtained before and after CFEAS treatment. In conclusion, the electrolyzed acid solution, produced by a novel method that involves a controlled flow, preserves the antiseptic and antibiofilm properties observed in other, similar formulas, with the advantage of being safe for eukaryotic cells; meanwhile, the antibiofilm activity is sustained for 24 h, both in vitro and in vivo. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:30:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-293eefbaa43347e88acc61e6c40db6f0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:30:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-293eefbaa43347e88acc61e6c40db6f02023-12-01T21:15:03ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-03-0110474510.3390/microorganisms10040745Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical PresenceAlejandro Cabrera-Wrooman0Silvestre Ortega-Peña1Rosa M. Salgado2Belinda Sandoval-Cuevas3Edgar Krötzsch4Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, MexicoLaboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, MexicoLaboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, MexicoWound Care Clinic, Hospital General Regional Number 2, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Calzada de las Bombas 117, Coapa, Girasoles I, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14310, MexicoLaboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, MexicoElectrolyzed acid solutions produced by different methods have antiseptic properties due to the presence of chlorine and reactive oxygen species. Our aim was to determine whether a controlled-flow electrolyzed acid solution (CFEAS) has the ability to improve wound healing due to its antiseptic and antibiofilm properties. First, we demonstrated in vitro that Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to CFEAS, and the effect was partially sustained for 24 h, evidencing antibiofilm activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05, CFEAS-treated vs. controls). The partial cytotoxicity of CFEAS was mainly observed in macrophages after 6 h of treatment; meanwhile, fibroblasts resisted short-lived free radicals (<i>p</i> < 0.05, CFEAS treated vs. controls), perhaps through redox-regulating mechanisms. In addition, we observed that a single 24 h CFEAS treatment of subacute and chronic human wounds diminished the CFU/g of tissue by ten times (<i>p</i> < 0.05, before vs. after) and removed the biofilm that was adhered to the wound, as we observed via histology from transversal sections of biopsies obtained before and after CFEAS treatment. In conclusion, the electrolyzed acid solution, produced by a novel method that involves a controlled flow, preserves the antiseptic and antibiofilm properties observed in other, similar formulas, with the advantage of being safe for eukaryotic cells; meanwhile, the antibiofilm activity is sustained for 24 h, both in vitro and in vivo.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/4/745biofilmcytotoxicityoxidation-reductionwound |
| spellingShingle | Alejandro Cabrera-Wrooman Silvestre Ortega-Peña Rosa M. Salgado Belinda Sandoval-Cuevas Edgar Krötzsch Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical Presence Microorganisms biofilm cytotoxicity oxidation-reduction wound |
| title | Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical Presence |
| title_full | Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical Presence |
| title_fullStr | Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical Presence |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical Presence |
| title_short | Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical Presence |
| title_sort | antiseptic effects and biosafety of a controlled flow electrolyzed acid solution involve electrochemical properties rather than free radical presence |
| topic | biofilm cytotoxicity oxidation-reduction wound |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/4/745 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alejandrocabrerawrooman antisepticeffectsandbiosafetyofacontrolledflowelectrolyzedacidsolutioninvolveelectrochemicalpropertiesratherthanfreeradicalpresence AT silvestreortegapena antisepticeffectsandbiosafetyofacontrolledflowelectrolyzedacidsolutioninvolveelectrochemicalpropertiesratherthanfreeradicalpresence AT rosamsalgado antisepticeffectsandbiosafetyofacontrolledflowelectrolyzedacidsolutioninvolveelectrochemicalpropertiesratherthanfreeradicalpresence AT belindasandovalcuevas antisepticeffectsandbiosafetyofacontrolledflowelectrolyzedacidsolutioninvolveelectrochemicalpropertiesratherthanfreeradicalpresence AT edgarkrotzsch antisepticeffectsandbiosafetyofacontrolledflowelectrolyzedacidsolutioninvolveelectrochemicalpropertiesratherthanfreeradicalpresence |