Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> for Phytoene Production
Chlorpropham is a carbamate herbicide that inhibits cell division and has been widely used as a potato sprout suppressant. Recently we showed that the microalga <i>Dunaliella salina</i> treated with chlorpropham massively accumulated the colourless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene. P...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/6/367 |
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| author | Laura Mazzucchi Yanan Xu Patricia J. Harvey |
| author_facet | Laura Mazzucchi Yanan Xu Patricia J. Harvey |
| author_sort | Laura Mazzucchi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chlorpropham is a carbamate herbicide that inhibits cell division and has been widely used as a potato sprout suppressant. Recently we showed that the microalga <i>Dunaliella salina</i> treated with chlorpropham massively accumulated the colourless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene. Phytoene and phytofluene are valued for their antioxidant, UV-absorption and skin protectant properties; however, they are present in very low quantities in nature. The low toxicity herbicide chlorpropham seems a promising catalyst to produce phytoene in large quantities from CO<sub>2</sub> and solar energy with <i>D. salina</i>. This study explored chlorpropham uptake by the algal cells, the formation of potential intermediate metabolites, and the removal of residual chlorpropham from harvested <i>D. salina</i> biomass. Algal biomass rapidly concentrated chlorpropham from culture media. However, washing the harvested biomass with fresh culture medium twice and five times removed ~83 and ~97% of the chlorpropham from the biomass, respectively, and retained algal cell integrity. Furthermore, chloroaniline, a common metabolite of chlorpropham degradation, was not detected in chlorpropham-treated cultures, which were monitored every two days for thirty days. Cells treated with chlorpropham for either 10 min or 24 h continued to over-accumulate phytoene after resuspension in an herbicide-free medium. These data imply that whilst <i>Dunaliella</i> cells do not possess the intracellular capacity to degrade chlorpropham to chloroaniline, the effect of chlorpropham is irreversible on cell nuclear division and hence on carotenoid metabolism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:12:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-295af9b1054049b99583a07931af8f58 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:12:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-295af9b1054049b99583a07931af8f582023-11-23T17:41:00ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972022-05-0120636710.3390/md20060367Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> for Phytoene ProductionLaura Mazzucchi0Yanan Xu1Patricia J. Harvey2School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UKSchool of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UKSchool of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UKChlorpropham is a carbamate herbicide that inhibits cell division and has been widely used as a potato sprout suppressant. Recently we showed that the microalga <i>Dunaliella salina</i> treated with chlorpropham massively accumulated the colourless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene. Phytoene and phytofluene are valued for their antioxidant, UV-absorption and skin protectant properties; however, they are present in very low quantities in nature. The low toxicity herbicide chlorpropham seems a promising catalyst to produce phytoene in large quantities from CO<sub>2</sub> and solar energy with <i>D. salina</i>. This study explored chlorpropham uptake by the algal cells, the formation of potential intermediate metabolites, and the removal of residual chlorpropham from harvested <i>D. salina</i> biomass. Algal biomass rapidly concentrated chlorpropham from culture media. However, washing the harvested biomass with fresh culture medium twice and five times removed ~83 and ~97% of the chlorpropham from the biomass, respectively, and retained algal cell integrity. Furthermore, chloroaniline, a common metabolite of chlorpropham degradation, was not detected in chlorpropham-treated cultures, which were monitored every two days for thirty days. Cells treated with chlorpropham for either 10 min or 24 h continued to over-accumulate phytoene after resuspension in an herbicide-free medium. These data imply that whilst <i>Dunaliella</i> cells do not possess the intracellular capacity to degrade chlorpropham to chloroaniline, the effect of chlorpropham is irreversible on cell nuclear division and hence on carotenoid metabolism.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/6/367<i>Dunaliella salina</i>chlorprophamherbicidephytoenecarotenoids |
| spellingShingle | Laura Mazzucchi Yanan Xu Patricia J. Harvey Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> for Phytoene Production Marine Drugs <i>Dunaliella salina</i> chlorpropham herbicide phytoene carotenoids |
| title | Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> for Phytoene Production |
| title_full | Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> for Phytoene Production |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> for Phytoene Production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> for Phytoene Production |
| title_short | Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> for Phytoene Production |
| title_sort | evaluation of cellular uptake and removal of chlorpropham in the treatment of i dunaliella salina i for phytoene production |
| topic | <i>Dunaliella salina</i> chlorpropham herbicide phytoene carotenoids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/6/367 |
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