The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated Storage
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people annually; however, our knowledge of the diffuse pathologies associated with TBI is limited. As diffuse pathologies, including axonal injury and neuroinflammatory changes, are difficult to visualize in the clinical population, animal models are...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/6/1682 |
| _version_ | 1797595943336411136 |
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| author | Mark Pavlichenko Audrey D. Lafrenaye |
| author_facet | Mark Pavlichenko Audrey D. Lafrenaye |
| author_sort | Mark Pavlichenko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people annually; however, our knowledge of the diffuse pathologies associated with TBI is limited. As diffuse pathologies, including axonal injury and neuroinflammatory changes, are difficult to visualize in the clinical population, animal models are used. In the current study, we used the central fluid percussion injury (CFPI) model in a micro pig to study the potential scalability of these diffuse pathologies in a gyrencephalic brain of a species with inflammatory systems very similar to humans. We found that both axonal injury and microglia activation within the thalamus and corpus callosum are positively correlated with the weight-normalized pressure pulse, while subtle changes in blood gas and mean arterial blood pressure are not. We also found that the majority of tissue generated up to 10 years previously is viable for immunofluorescent labeling after long-term refrigeration storage. This study indicates that a micro pig CFPI model could allow for specific investigations of various degrees of diffuse pathological burdens following TBI. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:44:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2964afe3f3274857b3027e2e9c3f25e7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:44:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-2964afe3f3274857b3027e2e9c3f25e72023-11-18T09:26:44ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-06-01116168210.3390/biomedicines11061682The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated StorageMark Pavlichenko0Audrey D. Lafrenaye1Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USADepartment of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USATraumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people annually; however, our knowledge of the diffuse pathologies associated with TBI is limited. As diffuse pathologies, including axonal injury and neuroinflammatory changes, are difficult to visualize in the clinical population, animal models are used. In the current study, we used the central fluid percussion injury (CFPI) model in a micro pig to study the potential scalability of these diffuse pathologies in a gyrencephalic brain of a species with inflammatory systems very similar to humans. We found that both axonal injury and microglia activation within the thalamus and corpus callosum are positively correlated with the weight-normalized pressure pulse, while subtle changes in blood gas and mean arterial blood pressure are not. We also found that the majority of tissue generated up to 10 years previously is viable for immunofluorescent labeling after long-term refrigeration storage. This study indicates that a micro pig CFPI model could allow for specific investigations of various degrees of diffuse pathological burdens following TBI.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/6/1682traumatic brain injuryaxonal injurymicro pigdiffuse pathologymicrogliaaged tissue |
| spellingShingle | Mark Pavlichenko Audrey D. Lafrenaye The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated Storage Biomedicines traumatic brain injury axonal injury micro pig diffuse pathology microglia aged tissue |
| title | The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated Storage |
| title_full | The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated Storage |
| title_fullStr | The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated Storage |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated Storage |
| title_short | The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated Storage |
| title_sort | central fluid percussion brain injury in a gyrencephalic pig brain scalable diffuse injury and tissue viability for glial cell immunolabeling following long term refrigerated storage |
| topic | traumatic brain injury axonal injury micro pig diffuse pathology microglia aged tissue |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/6/1682 |
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