Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from an Emetic Illness
This study describes an emetic food-borne intoxication associated with a <i>Bacillus cereus</i> group species and the characterization of the bacterial isolates from the incident in aspects of molecular tying, genetic factors, cytotoxicity, and pathogenic mechanisms relating to emetic il...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/89 |
| _version_ | 1797617972594868224 |
|---|---|
| author | Jintana Pheepakpraw Thida Kaewkod Maytiya Konkit Sasiprapa Krongdang Kanyaluck Jantakee Rueankaew Praphruet Sakunnee Bovonsombut Aussara Panya Yingmanee Tragoolpua Niall A. Logan Thararat Chitov |
| author_facet | Jintana Pheepakpraw Thida Kaewkod Maytiya Konkit Sasiprapa Krongdang Kanyaluck Jantakee Rueankaew Praphruet Sakunnee Bovonsombut Aussara Panya Yingmanee Tragoolpua Niall A. Logan Thararat Chitov |
| author_sort | Jintana Pheepakpraw |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study describes an emetic food-borne intoxication associated with a <i>Bacillus cereus</i> group species and the characterization of the bacterial isolates from the incident in aspects of molecular tying, genetic factors, cytotoxicity, and pathogenic mechanisms relating to emetic illness. Through the polyphasic identification approach, all seven isolates obtained from food and clinical samples were identified as <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>. According to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, intraspecific diversity was found within the <i>B. thuringiensis</i> isolates. Four allelic profiles were found, including two previously known STs (ST8 and ST15) and two new STs (ST2804 and ST2805). All isolates harbored gene fragments located in the <i>cereulide synthetase</i> (<i>ces</i>) gene cluster. The heat-treated culture supernatants of three emetic <i>B. thuringiensis</i> isolates, FC2, FC7, and FC8, caused vacuolation and exhibited toxicity to Caco-2 cells, with CC<sub>50</sub> values of 56.57, 72.17, and 79.94 µg/mL, respectively. The flow cytometry with the Annexin V/PI assay revealed both apoptosis and necrosis mechanisms, but necrosis was the prominent mechanism that caused Caco-2 cell destruction by FC2, the most toxic isolate. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:03:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-297b373df33a4588aab328583bd3e519 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:03:35Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-297b373df33a4588aab328583bd3e5192023-11-16T23:38:25ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-01-011528910.3390/toxins15020089Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from an Emetic IllnessJintana Pheepakpraw0Thida Kaewkod1Maytiya Konkit2Sasiprapa Krongdang3Kanyaluck Jantakee4Rueankaew Praphruet5Sakunnee Bovonsombut6Aussara Panya7Yingmanee Tragoolpua8Niall A. Logan9Thararat Chitov10Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDivision of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon-Pathom Rajabhat University, Nakhon-Pathom 73000, ThailandFaculty of Science and Social Sciences, Burapha University, Sa Kaeo Campus, Sa Kaeo 27160, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandInstitute of Product Quality and Standardization, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandFormerly of Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UKDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandThis study describes an emetic food-borne intoxication associated with a <i>Bacillus cereus</i> group species and the characterization of the bacterial isolates from the incident in aspects of molecular tying, genetic factors, cytotoxicity, and pathogenic mechanisms relating to emetic illness. Through the polyphasic identification approach, all seven isolates obtained from food and clinical samples were identified as <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>. According to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, intraspecific diversity was found within the <i>B. thuringiensis</i> isolates. Four allelic profiles were found, including two previously known STs (ST8 and ST15) and two new STs (ST2804 and ST2805). All isolates harbored gene fragments located in the <i>cereulide synthetase</i> (<i>ces</i>) gene cluster. The heat-treated culture supernatants of three emetic <i>B. thuringiensis</i> isolates, FC2, FC7, and FC8, caused vacuolation and exhibited toxicity to Caco-2 cells, with CC<sub>50</sub> values of 56.57, 72.17, and 79.94 µg/mL, respectively. The flow cytometry with the Annexin V/PI assay revealed both apoptosis and necrosis mechanisms, but necrosis was the prominent mechanism that caused Caco-2 cell destruction by FC2, the most toxic isolate.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/89foodborne intoxicationfoodborne outbreakemetic toxin<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i><i>Bacillus cereus</i> group<i>cereulide synthetase</i> gene |
| spellingShingle | Jintana Pheepakpraw Thida Kaewkod Maytiya Konkit Sasiprapa Krongdang Kanyaluck Jantakee Rueankaew Praphruet Sakunnee Bovonsombut Aussara Panya Yingmanee Tragoolpua Niall A. Logan Thararat Chitov Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from an Emetic Illness Toxins foodborne intoxication foodborne outbreak emetic toxin <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> <i>Bacillus cereus</i> group <i>cereulide synthetase</i> gene |
| title | Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from an Emetic Illness |
| title_full | Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from an Emetic Illness |
| title_fullStr | Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from an Emetic Illness |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from an Emetic Illness |
| title_short | Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from an Emetic Illness |
| title_sort | intraspecific diversity and pathogenicity of i bacillus thuringiensis i isolates from an emetic illness |
| topic | foodborne intoxication foodborne outbreak emetic toxin <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> <i>Bacillus cereus</i> group <i>cereulide synthetase</i> gene |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/89 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jintanapheepakpraw intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT thidakaewkod intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT maytiyakonkit intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT sasiprapakrongdang intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT kanyaluckjantakee intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT rueankaewpraphruet intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT sakunneebovonsombut intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT aussarapanya intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT yingmaneetragoolpua intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT niallalogan intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness AT thararatchitov intraspecificdiversityandpathogenicityofibacillusthuringiensisiisolatesfromanemeticillness |