Effects of the reduced air-sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensity
The air-sea drag coefficient (Cd) is closely related to tropical cyclone (TC) intensification. Several recent studies suggested that the Cd decreases in winds greater than 33 m s−1. The effects of Cd reduction in high winds on TC intensity, especially rapid intensification (RI) and the lifetime maxi...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.1032888/full |
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| author | Sung-Hun Kim Hyoun-Woo Kang Il-Ju Moon Sok Kuh Kang Pao-Shin Chu |
| author_facet | Sung-Hun Kim Hyoun-Woo Kang Il-Ju Moon Sok Kuh Kang Pao-Shin Chu |
| author_sort | Sung-Hun Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The air-sea drag coefficient (Cd) is closely related to tropical cyclone (TC) intensification. Several recent studies suggested that the Cd decreases in winds greater than 33 m s−1. The effects of Cd reduction in high winds on TC intensity, especially rapid intensification (RI) and the lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) distribution, were investigated by analyzing the wind-dependent Cd-based ocean vertical mixing and the energy budget. In addition, to consider the uncertainty of the Cd in extreme winds (above 50 m s−1), three types of Cd fitting that decrease after 33 m s−1, which show different trends after 50 m s−1 (increase, flat, and decrease), were adopted. The results were then compared with those for the control fitting (saturated after 33 m s−1) and show that the reduced Cd in high winds drives an increase in net energy by reducing frictional dissipation and suppressing sea surface cooling. This extra energy prevents the TC from achieving a steady-state, causing the bimodality of simulated maximum potential intensity. The observed steady-state probability (intensification rate and RI probability) in the Cd reduced wind range were significantly lower (higher) than in the others. These results suggest that Cd reduction might potentially induce the RI and LMI bimodality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:24:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-29815903bbac42c2958467fa7c0cb1f5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:24:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-29815903bbac42c2958467fa7c0cb1f52022-12-22T04:34:49ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452022-10-01910.3389/fmars.2022.10328881032888Effects of the reduced air-sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensitySung-Hun Kim0Hyoun-Woo Kang1Il-Ju Moon2Sok Kuh Kang3Pao-Shin Chu4Marine Environmental & Climate Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, South KoreaMarine Environmental & Climate Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, South KoreaTyphoon Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South KoreaMarine Environmental & Climate Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, South KoreaDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United StatesThe air-sea drag coefficient (Cd) is closely related to tropical cyclone (TC) intensification. Several recent studies suggested that the Cd decreases in winds greater than 33 m s−1. The effects of Cd reduction in high winds on TC intensity, especially rapid intensification (RI) and the lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) distribution, were investigated by analyzing the wind-dependent Cd-based ocean vertical mixing and the energy budget. In addition, to consider the uncertainty of the Cd in extreme winds (above 50 m s−1), three types of Cd fitting that decrease after 33 m s−1, which show different trends after 50 m s−1 (increase, flat, and decrease), were adopted. The results were then compared with those for the control fitting (saturated after 33 m s−1) and show that the reduced Cd in high winds drives an increase in net energy by reducing frictional dissipation and suppressing sea surface cooling. This extra energy prevents the TC from achieving a steady-state, causing the bimodality of simulated maximum potential intensity. The observed steady-state probability (intensification rate and RI probability) in the Cd reduced wind range were significantly lower (higher) than in the others. These results suggest that Cd reduction might potentially induce the RI and LMI bimodality.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.1032888/fullrapid intensification of the tropical cyclonethe drag coefficientthe tropical cyclone-ocean interactionthe tropical cyclone lifetime maximum intensitythe tropical cyclone-induced vertical ocean mixing |
| spellingShingle | Sung-Hun Kim Hyoun-Woo Kang Il-Ju Moon Sok Kuh Kang Pao-Shin Chu Effects of the reduced air-sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensity Frontiers in Marine Science rapid intensification of the tropical cyclone the drag coefficient the tropical cyclone-ocean interaction the tropical cyclone lifetime maximum intensity the tropical cyclone-induced vertical ocean mixing |
| title | Effects of the reduced air-sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensity |
| title_full | Effects of the reduced air-sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensity |
| title_fullStr | Effects of the reduced air-sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of the reduced air-sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensity |
| title_short | Effects of the reduced air-sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensity |
| title_sort | effects of the reduced air sea drag coefficient in high winds on the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones and bimodality of the lifetime maximum intensity |
| topic | rapid intensification of the tropical cyclone the drag coefficient the tropical cyclone-ocean interaction the tropical cyclone lifetime maximum intensity the tropical cyclone-induced vertical ocean mixing |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.1032888/full |
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